The 4-H baby beef project

At head of title: University of Missouri College of Agriculture, Agricultural Extension Service."January, 1949.""University of Missouri College of Agriculture and the United States Department of Agriculture Cooperating"--Page [24].Title from cover

Law, politics and the governance of English and Scottish joint-stock companies 1600-1850

This article examines the impact of law on corporate governance by means of a case study of joint-stock enterprise in England and Scotland before 1850. Based on a dataset of over 450 company constitutions together with qualitative information on governance practice, it finds little evidence to support the hypothesis that common-law regimes such as England were more supportive of economic growth than civil-law jurisdictions such as Scotland: indeed, levels of shareholder protection were slightly stronger in the civil-law zone. Other factors, such as local political institutions, played a bigger role in shaping organisational forms and business practice

Transcutaneous immunization as preventative and therapeutic regimens to protect against experimental otitis media due to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae

We have developed three nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) adhesin-derived immunogens that are significantly efficacious against experimental otitis media (OM) due to NTHI when delivered parenterally. We now expanded our preventative immunization strategies to include transcutaneous immunization (TCI) as a less invasive, but potentially equally efficacious, regimen to prevent OM due to NTHI. Additionally, we examined the potential of TCI as a therapeutic immunization regimen to resolve ongoing experimental OM. Preventative immunization with NTHI outer membrane protein (OMP) P5- and type IV pilus-targeted immunogens, delivered with the adjuvant LT(R192G-L211A), induced significantly earlier clearance of NTHI from the nasopharynges and middle ears of challenged chinchillas compared with receipt of immunogen or adjuvant alone. Moreover, therapeutic immunization resulted in significant resolution of established NTHI biofilms from the middle ear space of animals compared with controls. These data advocate TCI with the adhesin-directed immunogens as an efficacious regimen for prevention and resolution of experimental NTHI-induced OM

Non-typeable Haemophilus Influenzae detection in the lower airways of patients with lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background: Chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity to bacterial infection may contribute to lung cancer pathogenesis. Previous studies have demonstrated that nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is the most common colonizing bacteria in the lower airways of patients with COPD. The objective of this study was to determine the presence of NTHi and immunoglobulin concentrations in patients with lung cancer, COPD and controls. Methods: Serum and bronchial wash samples were collected from patients undergoing diagnostic bronchoscopy. Total IgE, IgG and specific NTHi IgG were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Bronchial wash samples were examined for the presence of NTHi via PCR. Results: Out of the 60 patients: 20 had confirmed Lung Cancer, 27 had COPD only and 13 were used as Controls. NTHi was detected in the lower airways of all three groups (Lung Cancer 20%; COPD 22% and Controls 15%). Total IgE was highest in Lung Cancer subjects followed by COPD and control subjects (mean ± SD: 870 ± 944, 381 ± 442, 159 ± 115). Likewise total IgG was higher in Lung cancer (Mean ± SD: 6.99 ± 1.8) patients compared to COPD (Mean ± SD: 5.43 ± 2). Conclusions: The lack of difference in NTHi and specific antibodies between the three groups makes it less likely that NTHi has an important pathogenetic role in subjects with Lung Cancer. However the detection of higher IgE antibody in Lung Cancer subjects identifies a possible mechanism for carcinogenesis in these subjects and warrants further study.Griffith Health, School of MedicineFull Tex

Coherence and recurrency: maintenance, control and integration in working memory

Working memory (WM), including a ‘central executive’, is used to guide behavior by internal goals or intentions. We suggest that WM is best described as a set of three interdependent functions which are implemented in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). These functions are maintenance, control of attention and integration. A model for the maintenance function is presented, and we will argue that this model can be extended to incorporate the other functions as well. Maintenance is the capacity to briefly maintain information in the absence of corresponding input, and even in the face of distracting information. We will argue that maintenance is based on recurrent loops between PFC and posterior parts of the brain, and probably within PFC as well. In these loops information can be held temporarily in an active form. We show that a model based on these structural ideas is capable of maintaining a limited number of neural patterns. Not the size, but the coherence of patterns (i.e., a chunking principle based on synchronous firing of interconnected cell assemblies) determines the maintenance capacity. A mechanism that optimizes coherent pattern segregation, also poses a limit to the number of assemblies (about four) that can concurrently reverberate. Top-down attentional control (in perception, action and memory retrieval) can be modelled by the modulation and re-entry of top-down information to posterior parts of the brain. Hierarchically organized modules in PFC create the possibility for information integration. We argue that large-scale multimodal integration of information creates an ‘episodic buffer’, and may even suffice for implementing a central executive

S. Kyd

"SX 8286 Kyd S 2'14 Aust Field Reg Darwin Service July 1941 - Jan 1943".SX 8286 Kyd, S. 2'14 Australian Field Regiment. Darwin Service July 1941 - January 1943

Adenosine kinase from human erythrocytes: determination of the conditions required for assay in crude hemolysates

An assay suitable for initial velocity studies was developed to measure adenosine kinase (ATP: adenosine 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.20) activity in crude lysates of human erythrocytes. The pH optimum for the reaction was dependent on the ratio of Mg2+/ATP used in the assay. With a Mg2+/ATP ratio of 5.0, the pH optimum was 5.1 and only 10% of the maximal activity was retained at pH 7.3. When a Mg2+/ATP ratio of 0.50 was used, the pH optimum was 6.2, but 70% of the maximal activity was retained at pH 7.3. For assays performed at pH 7.3, the optimal Mg2+/ATP ratio was 0.50 for ATP concentrations between 0.50 and 2.0 mmol/l. Mg2+ was required for reaction, presumably to form the physiological substrate MgATP2-. However, excess free (uncomplexed) Mg2+ was a strong inhibitor of the enzyme at pH 7.3. At pH 7.3, the K(m) values for adenosine and MgATP2- were 0.66 μmol/l and 82 μmol/l respectively

Adenosine metabolism in human erythrocytes: a study of some factors which affect the metabolic fate of adenosine in intact red cells in vitro

Adenosine metabolism was studied in intact human erythrocytes over a range of adenosine and intracellular phosphate concentration. The concentration of adenosine greatly influenced its partition between deamination via adenosine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.4) and phosphorylation via adenosine kinase (EC 2.7.1.20). For example, for cells incubated in a medium containing 1 mM phosphate, a single addition of 40 μM adenosine was largely deaminated (91% deaminated, 9% phosphorylated). Adenosine added to the incubation at lower concentration (0.5 μM) was largely phosphorylated (81% phosphorylated, 19% deaminated). This partition could be predicted from the known K(m) and V parameters of the kinase and deaminase reactions. Intracellular phosphate concentrations also affected the metabolism of adenosine, apparently by stimulating adenosine kinase activity in situ. The ratio of adenosine phosphorylated to adenosine deaminated was increased significantly by increases in the intracellular phosphate concentration. Thus, at 4 μM adenosine, approximately 30% of the adenosine was phosphorylated when the intracellular phosphate concentration was 1 mM. However, when the intracellular phosphate concentration was increased to 7.5 mM, the proportion of 4 μM adenosine phosphorylated increased to 70%. Our studies also revealed that the kinase was inhibited by high adenosine concentrations, especially when 50-100 μM adenosine was added to the incubation