The Regulation of Commodity Options

To outline further genetic mechanisms of transformation from follicular lymphoma (FL) to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), we have performed whole genome array-CGH in 81 tumors from 60 patients [29 de novo DLBCL (dnDLBCL), 31 transformed DLBCL (tDLBCL), and 21 antecedent FL]. In 15 patients, paired tumor samples (primary FL and a subsequent tDLBCL) were available, among which three possessed more than two subsequent tumors, allowing us to follow specific genetic alterations acquired before, during, and after the transformation. Gain of 2p15-16.1 encompassing, among others, the REL, BCL11A, USP34, COMMD1, and OTX1 genes was found to be more common in the tDLBCL compared with dnDLBCL (P < 0.001). Furthermore, a high-level amplification of 2p15-16.1 was also detected in the FL stage prior to transformation, indicating its importance during the transformation event. Quantitative real-time PCR showed a higher level of amplification of REL, USP34, and COMMD1 (all involved in the NF kappa B-pathway) compared with BCL11A, which indicates that the altered genes disrupting the NF kappa B pathway may be the driver genes of transformation rather than the previously suggested BCL11A. Moreover, a 17q21.33 amplification was exclusively found in tDLBCL, never in FL (P < 0.04) or dnDLBCL, indicating an upregulation of genes of importance during the later phase of transformation. Taken together, our study demonstrates potential genomic markers for disease progression to clinically more aggressive forms. We also confirm the importance of the TP53-, CDKN2A-, and NF kappa B-pathways for the transformation from FL to DLBCL

p53 is associated with high-risk and pinpointsTP53missense mutations in mantle cell lymphoma

Survival for patients diagnosed with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) has improved drastically in recent years. However, patients carrying mutations in tumour protein p53 (TP53) do not benefit from modern chemotherapy-based treatments and have poor prognosis. Thus, there is a clinical need to identify missense mutations through routine analysis to enable patient stratification. Sequencing is not widely implemented in clinical practice for MCL, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a feasible alternative to identify high-risk patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the accuracy of p53 as a tool to identify patients withTP53missense mutations and the prognostic impact of overexpression and mutations in a Swedish population-based cohort. In total, 317 cases were investigated using IHC and 255 cases were sequenced, enabling analysis of p53 andTP53status among 137 cases divided over the two-cohort investigated. The accuracy of predicting missense mutations from protein expression was 82%, with sensitivity at 82% and specificity at 100% in paired samples. We further show the impact of p53 expression andTP53mutations on survival (hazard ratio of 3 center dot 1 in univariate analysis for both), and the association to risk factors, such as high MCL International Prognostic Index, blastoid morphology and proliferation, in a population-based setting.Peer reviewe

Stabilization of partial differential equations by noise

We provide an example of a class of partial differential equations being stabilized (in terms of Lyapunov exponents) by noise. In particular, we show that the stability of the heat equation can be improved by adding a stochastic term to the equation. We also give an example of an unstable PDE made stable by noise.Lyapunov exponents Stochastic partial differential equations Partial differential equations Heat equation

Stabilization of Evolution Equations By Noise With Application to Partial Differential Equations of Parabolic Type.

We consider a deterministic equation of evolution X 0 (t) = AX(t)dt, in a separable Hilbert space. We prove that if A generates a C 0 - semigroup, then this equation can be stabilized, in terms of Lyapunov exponents, by noise. Then we apply this abstract result to partial differential equations of parabolic type. We also compute the Lyapunov exponents of these PDEs, both deterministic and stochastic, as functions of the eigenvalues of the operator A. 1. Introduction. The present paper is a development of [10], where we have constructed an example of a class of partial differential equations being stabilized (in 1 Research partially supported by KBN grant 2 P03A 016 16 A.A. Kwieci'nska Stabilization of evolution equations 2 terms of Lyapunov exponents) by noise. In this paper we provide sufficient conditions for exponential stabilization of abstract evolution equations. We apply these results to parabolic partial differential equations extending thus the example from [10]. First..

Model-Driven Software Modernization

This thesis elaborates the Model-Driven Software Modernization (MDSM), that has been identified by us, and is defined as a group of approaches toward modernization of legacy code. MDSM approaches are based on models, tools and processes known from the Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) that aims in automation of modernization process. This thesis describes identified MDSM approaches and related standards. Additionally, it suggests that certain kinds of modernization can be implemented in a more efficient way, when a new approach, that has been proposed by the authors, is used. An exemplary modernization, that solves selected industry problem, is implemented to demonstrate that the alternative approach is feasible. In addition, the availability of tools for MDA, which can be adopted in MDSM process, is discussed and guidelines for implementing MDSM are proposed

Random dynamical systems arising from iterated function systems with place-dependent probabilities

We show that if an iterated function system with place-dependent probabilities admits an invariant and attractive measure, then it has the structure of a random dynamical system (in the sense of Ludwig Arnold).Random dynamical system Iterated function system Markov operator Invariant measure Attractive measure

Amplification of 2p as a Genomic Marker for Transformation in Lymphoma

To outline further genetic mechanisms of transformation from follicular lymphoma (FL) to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), we have performed whole genome array-CGH in 81 tumors from 60 patients [29 de novo DLBCL (dnDLBCL), 31 transformed DLBCL (tDLBCL), and 21 antecedent FL]. In 15 patients, paired tumor samples (primary FL and a subsequent tDLBCL) were available, among which three possessed more than two subsequent tumors, allowing us to follow specific genetic alterations acquired before, during, and after the transformation. Gain of 2p15-16.1 encompassing, among others, the REL, BCL11A, USP34, COMMD1, and OTX1 genes was found to be more common in the tDLBCL compared with dnDLBCL (P < 0.001). Furthermore, a high-level amplification of 2p15-16.1 was also detected in the FL stage prior to transformation, indicating its importance during the transformation event. Quantitative real-time PCR showed a higher level of amplification of REL, USP34, and COMMD1 (all involved in the NF kappa B-pathway) compared with BCL11A, which indicates that the altered genes disrupting the NF kappa B pathway may be the driver genes of transformation rather than the previously suggested BCL11A. Moreover, a 17q21.33 amplification was exclusively found in tDLBCL, never in FL (P < 0.04) or dnDLBCL, indicating an upregulation of genes of importance during the later phase of transformation. Taken together, our study demonstrates potential genomic markers for disease progression to clinically more aggressive forms. We also confirm the importance of the TP53-, CDKN2A-, and NF kappa B-pathways for the transformation from FL to DLBCL

Clinical characteristics and histopathological patterns of hodgkin lymphoma and treatment outcomes at a tertiary cancer center in ethiopia

PURPOSE In developing countries, Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) affects the young population. In Ethiopia, nearly 70% of the population are, 35 years of age. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the age distribution, histopathologic patterns, clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of HL in Ethiopia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from clinical records of 133 consecutive patients with HL between 2014 and 2019 were reviewed and collected. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of HL cases were collected and used for subtype classification. RESULTS A total of 68.4% (91) of the patients were male; male-to-female ratio was 2.2:1. The median age was 22 years. The age distribution was 57.1% (76), 30.8% (41), and 2.3% (3) for the age groups (10-29), (30-59), and (60-69) years, respectively. Thirteen percent (12) were associated with HIV. The majority of the cases, 50.4% (67), were of the mixed-cellularity (MCCHL) subtypes and 30% (40) nodular-sclerosis (NSCCHL). Most HIV-associated cases (60%, 6) were of the MCHL subtype. The 4-year overall survival (OS) was 83.1%. The 4-year OS of early-stage patients was 100% and advanced-stage patients with low-risk (International Prognostic Score [IPS] ≤ 2) and high-risk (IPS ≥ 3) were 94.1% and 62.9%, respectively. All patients who received combined-therapy survived, whereas those who received doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine only showed a 4-year OS rate of 77.9%. CONCLUSION HL affects the youngest and most productive population in Ethiopia. The treatment outcome is favorable in both HIV-associated and non–HIV-associated HL. However, the study population was likely a highly selected group as the majority of the Ethiopian population do not have access to specialized care

High resolution SNP array genomic profiling of peripheral T cell lymphomas, not otherwise specified, identifies a subgroup with chromosomal aberrations affecting the REL locus

Little is known about genomic aberrations in peripheral T cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (PTCL NOS). We studied 47 PTCL NOS by 250k GeneChip single nucleotide polymorphism arrays and detected genomic imbalances in 22 of the cases. Recurrent gains and losses were identified, including gains of chromosome regions 1q32-43, 2p15-16, 7, 8q24, 11q14-25, 17q11-21 and 21q11-21 (< or = 5 cases each) as well as losses of chromosome regions 1p35-36, 5q33, 6p22, 6q16, 6q21-22, 8p21-23, 9p21, 10p11-12, 10q11-22, 10q25-26, 13q14, 15q24, 16q22, 16q24, 17p11, 17p13 and Xp22 (< or = 4 cases each). Genomic imbalances affected several regions containing members of nuclear factor-kappaB signalling and genes involved in cell cycle control. Gains of 2p15-16 were confirmed in each of three cases analysed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and were associated with breakpoints at the REL locus in two of these cases. Three additional cases with gains of the REL locus were detected by FISH among 18 further PTCL NOS. Five of 27 PTCL NOS investigated showed nuclear expression of the REL protein by immunohistochemistry, partly associated with genomic gains of the REL locus. Therefore, in a subgroup of PTCL NOS gains/rearrangements of REL and expression of REL protein may be of pathogenetic relevance