Sztuka melorecytacji. Studia nad genezą muzyki rap

The article focus on problematic associated with beggining of rap music. Studying oldest songs from genre showing, that in most instances, people rapping for fun or to encourage other in participation in it. Author probe not only first rap songs and rap artists, but also music extraction, which arise from inspiration some type of music, like blues, funk, or jazz. Analise few singles from 70. and 80. trying answer on question, why some tracks were so popular. By specyfic of subject, text vicariously keeping on city culture of New York, previous century in United States

Sex, Age, Education, Marital Status, Number of Children, and Employment – the Impact of Extralegal Factors on Sentencing Disparities

Countries that have judicial discretion in their legal system usually struggle with sentencing disparities. This is no different in Poland. The current study examined whether extralegal factors such as age, sex, education, marital status, number of children, and having a job impact sentencing disparities. We examined court files from 13 district courts in Poland for two offenses: drug possession and drunk driving. Our findings show that sex, age, and number of children have no or little effect on outcomes, whilst marital status and employment status have small to medium effects on sentencing. The clearest result pattern to emerge from our analyses is that defendants with tertiary education are treated more leniently than those with primary or lower secondary education.Peer reviewe

Determining Curie temperature of (Ga,Mn)As samples based on electrical transport measurements: low Curie temperature case

In this paper we show that the widely accepted method of the determination of Curie temperature (TC) in (Ga,Mn)As samples, based on the position of the peak in the temperature derivative of the resistivity,completely fails in the case of non-metallic and low-TC unannealed samples. In this case we propose an alternative method, also based on electric transport measurements, which exploits temperature dependence of the second derivative of the resistivity upon magnetic field.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure

Znaczenie prognostyczne VEGF i jego receptorów w raku endometrium typu endometrioidalnego

Abstract Background: Angiogenesis is of crucial importance for endometrial tumor growth and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is the key mediator of angiogenesis. Objective: The purpose of our study was to assess the prognostic value of VEGF and its receptors in relation to endometrioid endometrial carcinomas. Material and methods: In this study, we conducted an immunohistochemical evaluation of VEGF and VEGFRs expression in 84 tissue samples obtained from endometrioid endometrial cancer patients undergoing curative surgical treatment. Results: Out of 84 cancers, strong positive expression of VEGF was seen in 35 (42%) tumors. The overall strong positive rates were 33% for VEGFR-1 and for 15% for VEGFR-2. There was a significant correlation between clinical stage and VEGF and VEGFR-1 overexpression (p=0.027 and p=0.004, respectively). Additionally, there was a significant correlation between histological grade and VEGF and VEGFR-1 overexpression (pStreszczenie Wstęp: Angiogeneza ma istotne znaczenie we wzroście raka endometrium. Naczyniowo-śródbłonkowy czynnik wzrostu (VEGF) jest kluczowym mediatorem angiogenezy. Cel pracy: W pracy oceniono wartość prognostyczną VEGF i jego receptorów w endometrioidalnym raku endometrium. Materiał i metody: Przeprowadzono immunohistochemiczną ocenę ekspresji VEGF i VEGFR w 84 preparatach uzyskanych od chorych leczonych operacyjnie. Wyniki: Wśród 84 raków intensywnie dodatnią ekspresję VEGF obserwowano w 35 (42%) przypadków. Intensywnie dodatnią ekspresję VEGFR-1 stwierdzono w 33% a VEGFR-2 w 15% przypadków. Wykazano istotny statystycznie związek pomiędzy stopniem zaawansowania klinicznego a nadekspresją VEGF i VEGFR-1 (p=0,027 i p=0,004 ). Ponadto, stwierdzono znamienny statystycznie związek pomiędzy nadekspresją VEGF i VEGFR-1 a zróżnicowaniem histologicznym (

The influence of patient-controlled epidural analgesia on labor progress and neonatal outcome

Abstract Aim: The aim of the study was to check the influence of patient control epidural analgesia on labor progress and neonatal outcome. Material and methods: 144 parturients were included into the clinical trial. In 73 cases patient control epidural analgesia was used and in 71 cases pethidine (meperidine) solution was given intravenously. Apgar score, umbilical artery pH, pain intensity, the time of the first, second and third stage of labor, the rate of episiotomy and uterine postpartum abrasions and the rate of caesarean sections and vaginal operative delivery were compared. Results: The time of the second stage of labor was significantly longer in the study group (40.99 vs 26.49min, p

Pregnancy, delivery and puerperium in a patient with lysinuric protein intolerance – a case report

The paper presents the course of pregnancy, delivery and early postpartum period in a 23-year-old woman with lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI). The pregnancy was uneventful and resulted in a caesarean birth to a healthy baby at 37 weeks gestation. Nevertheless, the course of pregnancy in women with LPI is associated with a significantly increased risk of serious complications, including acute hyperammonemia, preeclampsia and postpartum bleeding, as well as fetus intrauterine growth retardation. In many cases, intensive metabolic monitoring and a proper diet with protein limitation and appropriate amino acids supplementation may significantly reduce the risk for both the mother and the newborn

Relationship Between Baseline Prostate-specific Antigen on Cancer Detection and Prostate Cancer Death:Long-term Follow-up from the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer

Background: The European Association of Urology guidelines recommend a risk-based strategy for prostate cancer screening based on the first prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and age. Objective: To analyze the impact of the first PSA level on prostate cancer (PCa) detection and PCa-specific mortality (PCSM) in a population-based screening trial (repeat screening every 2–4 yr). Design, setting, and participants: We evaluated 25 589 men aged 55–59 yr, 16 898 men aged 60–64 yr, and 12 936 men aged 65–69 yr who attended at least one screening visit in the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) trial (screening arm: repeat PSA testing every 2–4 yr and biopsy in cases with elevated PSA; control arm: no active screening offered) during 16-yr follow-up (FU). Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: We assessed the actuarial probability for any PCa and for clinically significant (cs)PCa (Gleason ≥7). Cox proportional-hazards regression was performed to assess whether the association between baseline PSA and PCSM was comparable for all age groups. A Lorenz curve was computed to assess the association between baseline PSA and PCSM for men aged 60–61 yr. Results and limitations: The overall actuarial probability at 16 yr ranged from 12% to 16% for any PCa and from 3.7% to 5.7% for csPCa across the age groups. The actuarial probability of csPCa at 16 yr ranged from 1.2–1.5% for men with PSA &lt;1.0 ng/ml to 13.3–13.8% for men with PSA ≥3.0 ng/ml. The association between baseline PSA and PCSM differed marginally among the three age groups. A Lorenz curve for men aged 60–61 yr showed that 92% of lethal PCa cases occurred among those with PSA above the median (1.21 ng/ml). In addition, for men initially screened at age 60–61 yr with baseline PSA &lt;2 ng/ml, further continuation of screening is unlikely to be beneficial after the age of 68–70 yr if PSA is still &lt;2 ng/ml. No case of PCSM emerged in the subsequent 8 yr (up to age 76–78 yr). A limitation is that these results may not be generalizable to an opportunistic screening setting or to contemporary clinical practice. Conclusions: In all age groups, baseline PSA can guide decisions on the repeat screening interval. Baseline PSA of &lt;1.0 ng/ml for men aged 55–69 yr is a strong indicator to delay or stop further screening. Patient summary: In prostate cancer screening, the patient's baseline PSA (prostate-specific antigen) level can be used to guide decisions on when to repeat screening. The PSA test when used according to current knowledge is valuable in helping to reduce the burden of prostate cancer.</p