Общедоступная дефибрилляция при внезапной остановке сердца (краткий обзор)

A public-access defibrillation is one of key techniques for improvement of the pre-hospital and in-hospital resuscitation success and survival rates of resuscitated patients in the case of a sudden cardiac arrest caused by ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. The short review discusses the relation between the type of a sudden cardiac arrest and the survival rate, the 'chain of survival' concept and the role of early defibrillation, as well as the function of public-access defibrillation programs and the contribution of automated external defibrillators in prehospital and in-hospital resuscitation. In conclusion, the perspectives of introduction of the public-access defibrillation in Russia are discussed. При внезапной остановке сердца, вызванной фибрилляцией желудочков и желудочковой тахикардией, одним из ключевых способов увеличения успеха догоспитальной и госпитальной реанимации и выживаемости оживленных больных является общедоступная дефибрилляция. В кратком обзоре литературы рассмотрели связь между видом внезапной остановки сердца и выживаемостью, концепцию цепочки выживания и роль ранней дефибрилляции, функции программ по общедоступной дефибрилляции и роль автоматических наружных дефибрилляторов при проведении догоспитальной и госпитальной реанимации. В заключении обсудили перспективу внедрения общедоступной дефибрилляции в России.

Public-Access Defibrillation in Sudden Cardiac Arrest (Short Review)

A public-access defibrillation is one of key techniques for improvement of the pre-hospital and in-hospital resuscitation success and survival rates of resuscitated patients in the case of a sudden cardiac arrest caused by ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. The short review discusses the relation between the type of a sudden cardiac arrest and the survival rate, the 'chain of survival' concept and the role of early defibrillation, as well as the function of public-access defibrillation programs and the contribution of automated external defibrillators in prehospital and in-hospital resuscitation. In conclusion, the perspectives of introduction of the public-access defibrillation in Russia are discussed

Fish diversity assessment in the headwaters of the Volga River using environmental DNA metabarcoding

The headwaters of the Volga River exhibit large reaches with near‐pristine conditions, and therefore long‐term biodiversity monitoring of this catchment can provide rare and valuable information on a European lowland river. More specifically, freshwater fish species assemblages are a good indicator of ecosystem status, as they are particularly sensitive to environmental changes and hydromorphological alterations. Historical records show that the fish fauna of the Upper Volga has changed over time, both in species composition and in abundance. The construction of the Volga–Kama cascade (a series of large dams) has specifically affected the migration of diadromous species. Environmental DNA metabarcoding offers a non‐invasive approach to determine the number of species in an aquatic ecosystem, as well as their identity and distribution. This approach is especially useful for fish fauna surveys along large rivers and long‐term biomonitoring, with the advantage of having no impact on the species and their habitats. To infer the current fish species diversity and the spatial distribution of each species in the free‐flowing section of the Upper Volga River, as well as in selected tributaries, an environmental DNA metabarcoding approach was applied, using three mitochondrial DNA markers. This method allowed the positive identification of 23 fish species and their respective distributions in the headwaters of the Volga. This assessment provides a valuable example of the application of environmental DNA metabarcoding in a large river system, and constitutes a starting point for future investigations and long‐term biomonitoring in the Upper Volga system. In addition, the results can also serve as a reference for fish diversity assessments of other large European lowland rivers, and can guide future conservation and management measures in the headwaters of the Volga

REFCOND-VOLGA: a monitoring programme for water quality in the headwaters of the Volga River (Tver region, Russia)

Within the research expedition “Upper Volga 2005” an assessment of hydrological, limnochemical and biological parameters was carried out in the Volga River upstream of Tver, including the main channel as well as major tributaries. This assessment revealed that the headwaters of the Volga River represent conditions which are either reference or least disturbed and stipulated the establishment of the monitoring programme “REFCOND_VOLGA”, which is in operation since 2006 and includes stretches along the Volga River (Rzhev, Staritsa, Tver) as well as along the tributary Tudovka.This paper summarizes the “first 10 years” of this joint Russia-Austrian research project, focusing on a sound description of the research area and providing a complementary view on the available data as well as a view ahead

Tracing the almost extinct mayfly Prosopistoma pennigerum (Müller, 1785) – an eDNA approach

The rare mayfly Prosopistoma pennigerum was once widely distributed across Europe and occurred virtually in every large river. Today, it holds fast against the ever-growing destruction of its habitat with a few relic populations remaining. Preliminary data and information on its congeners suggest that free-flowing rivers with near-natural hydrodynamics are its primary habitat. Rivers where the species currently occurs should be primary targets for large-scale landscape conservation and protection. According to the Water Framework Directive, achieving longitudinal and lateral connectivity is a priority target, and occurrence and viability of Prosopistoma pennigerum populations could be an indicator of restoration success.We developed and validated a targeted qPCR protocol to detect this mayfly and applied it to standardized water samples filtered for eDNA analysis from the Vjosë (Albania) and Volga (Russia), two rivers with extant populations of P. pennigerum. In the Vjosë river, 45 sampling sites were sampled three times in 2018 and 2019. In the Volga river, we focused on a site with >15 years of continuous records of P. pennigerum at Rzhev and two downstream locations, where eDNA samples were collected in 2017. At each sampling site in the Vjosë, eDNA samples were collected by filtering 0.5 L of stream water through each of two 0.45 µm Sterivex filters. In the Volga, 2 L of stream water were filtered through a total of eight 0.7 µm glass fibre filters. Filters were stored and shipped at -20°C until further processing. Environmental DNA extraction was performed using the DNeasy® PowerWater® Sterivex™ Kit following the Experienced User protocol for Vjosë samples and via a Phenol-Chloroform Isoamyl extraction for the Volga samples. A Taqman qPCR assay was developed using a newly designed primer and probe set. Standard curves obtained from an amplicon dilution series yielded a reaction efficiency of 88% and an R2-value of 0.995, with a calculated limit of quantification of 1801 copies/µL and a limit of detection of 59 copies/µL. Each eDNA sampling replicate was tested using five qPCR replicates, yielding ten qPCR reactions per sampling site in the Vjosë river and 40 qPCR reactions in the Volga river. With each batch of eDNA samples, four negative and two positive controls were analysed. At each site, we also collected benthic MHS samples with a 25x25 cm 500 µm net where 20 samples were taken to reflect microhabitat distribution and dominance. Benthos samples were subsampled in the lab and all zoobenthos hand-picked. Prosopistoma pennigerum occurrence was assessed as areal density (number of specimens per m2).While P. pennigerum occured in high frequencies and abundances in benthic samples along the Vjosë river main stem in all sampling seasons, qPCR of eDNA samples suggested slightly different occurrence patterns. Conversely, P. pennigerum was detected with high consistency at two sites in the Volga river (at Rzhev and a site 99 km downstream), where its frequency is much lower than in the Vjosë river. The success of detecting a benthic species in eDNA samples depends on a variety of factors that may have affected DNA quality and prevented better detection of P. pennigerum in the Vjosë river eDNA samples.We demonstrate the principal applicability of molecular methods to search for rare species in hot-spots of biodiversity in Central Europe. The remnant populations of P. pennigerum in the hydrodynamically minimally impaired Vjosë and the Volga highlight the conservation and protection needs in Eastern and Southern Europe. At the European scale, restoration efforts should be geared towards creating viable habitat conditions for large-river species such as P. pennigerum. Here, our qPCR assay can deliver crucial data for better management of Europe’s large rivers