ІНТЕНСИВНІСТЬ ФІБРОЗОУТВОРЕННЯ В ПЕЧІНЦІ ХВОРИХ НА НЕАЛКОГОЛЬНИЙ СТЕАТОГЕПАТИТ НА ТЛІ ОЖИРІННЯ І–ІІ СТУПЕНІВ ТА ХРОНІЧНУ ХВОРОБУ НИРОК

The aim of the study – to investigate the biochemical markers of liver fibrosis in patients with NASH, which developed on the background of obesity of the I-II degree and chronic kidney disease (CKD) of the І-ІІІ stage.Material and Methods. 98 patients with NASH on the background of obesity of the I-II degree were examined, including: 52 patients with NASH against the background of obesity of I-II degree (1 group) (without comorbid CKD), 46 patients with NASH on the background of obesity of  I-II degree and CKD of I-III stage (2 group). The control group consisted of 20 practically healthy persons (PHP) of the corresponding age and sex.The determination of structural changes in liver and kidney parenchyma was carried out by ultrasonographic (USG) investigation. In order to quantify the changes of echogenicity of the liver the method of echodensitometry with the calculation of the hepatorenal index (HRI) was used. Biopsy of the liver was performed on 32 patients with NASH with comorbid CKD of I-III stage, 28 patients with NASH without CKD. Liver bioptats were obtained by percutaneous or laparoscopic sight biopsy.The comorbid course of NASH and CKD is characterized by a higher degree of liver steatosis (HRI in 1.3 times higher compared to the group of patients with NASH, p<0.05), and the higher diagnostic threshold of the values of the HRI, which has a strong correlation with the degree of liver steatosis, determined by Steato-test (r = 0.87; p <0.001).In patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with comorbid obesity and CKD of I-III stage, fibrotic changes in the liver tissue were detected and these changes according to the biochemical index of fibrosis exceeded those in patients with NASH without comorbidity with kidney pathology. In patients with NASH, F0-F1 stages of liver fibrosis were detected, while with NASH on the background of CKH of the І-ІІІ stage, F1-F2 stages of fibrosis of the liver tissue predominated.In patients with NASH, in the case of obesity, pericellular fibrosis (in 100 % of cases) was observed most frequently, fibrous perisinusoidal type (39.3 %) and centrolobular (35.7 %) were more rarely found, and peripheral and portal fibrosis of the liver was observed in 10.7 %. In patients with NASH on the background of obesity and CKD of I-III stage pericellular fibrosis was also observed in 100 % of cases, a significant percentage was occupied by perisinusoidal (78.1%) and perivenular (68.8 %) fibrosis of the 3rd zone, and also fibrosis of the portal and/or peripartal type with single septa (25.0 %).Цель исследования – исследовать биохимические маркеры фиброза печени при НАСГ, развившемся на фоне ожирения I–II степени и ХБП I–III стадии.Материал и методы. Обследовано 98 больных НАСГ на фоне ожирения I–II степени, в том числе 52 больных НАСГ на фоне ожирения  I–II степени (1 группа) без сопутствующей ХБП, 46 больных НАСГ на фоне ожирения I–II степени с коморбидной ХБП I–III ст. (2 группа). Контрольную группу составили 20 практически здоровых лиц (ПЗЛ) соответствующего возраста и пола.Определение структурных изменений паренхимы печени и почек осуществляли путем проведения ультра­сонографического (УСГ) исследования. С целью количественной оценки изменений эхогенности печени исполь­зовали метод еходенситометрии с вычислением гепаторенального индекса (ГРИ). Биопсия печени выполнена 32 больным НАСГ с сопутствующей ХБП I–III ст., 28 больным НАСГ без ХБП. Биоптаты печени получали путем чрескожной или лапароскопической прицельной биопсии.Результаты. Установлено, что коморбидное течение НАСГ с ХБП характеризуется высокой степенью стеатоза печени (ГРИ в 1,3 раза выше, по сравнению с группой больных НАСГ, (p<0,05)), и более высоким диагностическим порогом значений гепаторенального индекса, который в сильной взаимозависимости коррелирует со степенью стеатоза печени, определенной по Steato-test (r=0,87; p<0,001).При неалкогольном стеатогепатите, который развивается на фоне ожирения и ХБП I–III стадии, установлено наличие фибротичних изменений в печеночной ткани, которые по биохимическому индексу фиброза превышают таковые у больных НАСГ без коморбидности с патологией почек. При НАСГ установлены проявления преиму­щественно F0–F1 cтадий фиброза печени, при НАСГ с сопроводительной ХБП I–III стадии преобладали F1–F2 стадии фиброза печеночной ткани.Выводы. У больных НАСГ на фоне ожирения чаще наблюдался перицеллюлярный фиброз (в 100 % случаев), несколько реже встречался фиброз перисинусоидального типа (39,3 %) и центролобулярный (35,7 %) и у 10,7 % наблюдали перипортальный и портальный фиброз печени. У больных НАСГ на фоне ожирения и ХБП I–III ст. пери­целлюлярный фиброз также наблюдался в 100 % случаев, значительный процент занимали перисинусоидальный (78,1 %) и перивенулярний (68,8 %) фиброз 3-й зоны, а также фиброз портального и/или перипортального типа с одиночными септами (25,0 %).Мета роботи – дослідити біохімічні маркери фіброзу печінки при НАСГ, що розвинувся на тлі ожиріння І–ІІ ступенів та ХХН І–ІІІ стадій.Матеріал і методи. Обстежено 98 хворих на НАСГ на тлі ожиріння І–ІІ ступенів, у тому числі 52 хворих на НАСГ на тлі ожиріння І–ІІ ступенів (1 група) без супровідної ХХН, 46 хворих на НАСГ на тлі ожиріння І–ІІ ступенів із коморбідною ХХН І–ІІІ ст. (2 група). Контрольну групу склали 20 практично здорових осіб (ПЗО) відповідного віку та статі.Визначення структурних змін паренхіми печінки та нирок здійснювали шляхом проведення ультрасонографічного (УСГ) дослідження. З метою кількісної оцінки змін ехогенності печінки використали метод еходенситомет­рії із обчисленням гепаторенального індексу (ГРІ). Біопсія печінки виконана 32 хворим на НАСГ із супровідною ХХН І–ІІІ ст., 28 хворим на НАСГ без ХХН. Біоптати печінки отримували шляхом черезшкірної чи лапароскопічної прицільної біопсії.Результати. Встановлено, що коморбідний перебіг НАСГ із ХХН характеризується вищим ступенем стеатозу печінки (ГРІ у 1,3 раза вищий, порівняно з групою хворих на НАСГ (p<0,05)), та вищим діагностичним порогом значень гепаторенального індексу, який у сильній взаємозалежності корелює зі ступенем стеатозу печінки, визначеним за Steato-test (r=0,87; p<0,001).При неалкогольному стеатогепатиті, що розвивається на тлі ожиріння та ХХН І–ІІІ стадії, встановлено наявність у печінковій тканині фібротичних змін, які за біохімічним індексом фіброзу перевищують такі у хворих на НАСГ без коморбідності з патологією нирок. При НАСГ встановлено прояви переважно F0–F1 cтадій фіброзу печінки, при НАСГ із супровідною ХХН І–ІІІ стадії переважали F1–F2 стадії фіброзу печінкової тканини.Висновки. У хворих на НАСГ на тлі ожиріння найчастіше спостерігали перицелюлярний фіброз (у 100 % випадків), дещо рідше зустрічали фіброз перисинусоїдально типу (39,3 %) та центролобулярний (35,7 %) і у 10,7 % спостерігали перипортальний та портальний фіброз печінки. У хворих на НАСГ на тлі ожиріння та ХХН І–ІІІ ст. перицелюлярний фіброз також виявляли у 100 % випадків, значний відсоток займали перисинусоїдальний (78,1 %) та перивенулярний (68,8 %) фіброз 3-ї зони, а також фіброз портального та/або перипортального типу з поодинокими септами (25,0 %).

The psychological science accelerator’s COVID-19 rapid-response dataset

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Psychological Science Accelerator coordinated three large-scale psychological studies to examine the effects of loss-gain framing, cognitive reappraisals, and autonomy framing manipulations on behavioral intentions and affective measures. The data collected (April to October 2020) included specific measures for each experimental study, a general questionnaire examining health prevention behaviors and COVID-19 experience, geographical and cultural context characterization, and demographic information for each participant. Each participant started the study with the same general questions and then was randomized to complete either one longer experiment or two shorter experiments. Data were provided by 73,223 participants with varying completion rates. Participants completed the survey from 111 geopolitical regions in 44 unique languages/dialects. The anonymized dataset described here is provided in both raw and processed formats to facilitate re-use and further analyses. The dataset offers secondary analytic opportunities to explore coping, framing, and self-determination across a diverse, global sample obtained at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, which can be merged with other time-sampled or geographic data

A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic

Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e., a controlling message) compared with no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared with the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly internalized form of motivation relying on one’s core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people’s existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing. Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intention to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges

A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world

A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic

Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e. a controlling message) compared to no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly-internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared to the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly-internalized form of motivation relying on one’s core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people’s existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing: Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges

The Psychological Science Accelerator’s COVID-19 rapid-response dataset

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Psychological Science Accelerator coordinated three large-scale psychological studies to examine the effects of loss-gain framing, cognitive reappraisals, and autonomy framing manipulations on behavioral intentions and affective measures. The data collected (April to October 2020) included specific measures for each experimental study, a general questionnaire examining health prevention behaviors and COVID-19 experience, geographical and cultural context characterization, and demographic information for each participant. Each participant started the study with the same general questions and then was randomized to complete either one longer experiment or two shorter experiments. Data were provided by 73,223 participants with varying completion rates. Participants completed the survey from 111 geopolitical regions in 44 unique languages/dialects. The anonymized dataset described here is provided in both raw and processed formats to facilitate re-use and further analyses. The dataset offers secondary analytic opportunities to explore coping, framing, and self-determination across a diverse, global sample obtained at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, which can be merged with other time-sampled or geographic data