Synthesis and Optimization of Reversible Circuits - A Survey

Reversible logic circuits have been historically motivated by theoretical research in low-power electronics as well as practical improvement of bit-manipulation transforms in cryptography and computer graphics. Recently, reversible circuits have attracted interest as components of quantum algorithms, as well as in photonic and nano-computing technologies where some switching devices offer no signal gain. Research in generating reversible logic distinguishes between circuit synthesis, post-synthesis optimization, and technology mapping. In this survey, we review algorithmic paradigms --- search-based, cycle-based, transformation-based, and BDD-based --- as well as specific algorithms for reversible synthesis, both exact and heuristic. We conclude the survey by outlining key open challenges in synthesis of reversible and quantum logic, as well as most common misconceptions.Comment: 34 pages, 15 figures, 2 table

Определение диагностических параметров оценки технического состояния высоковольтных выключателей

Надійність роботи електричних станцій та електропідстанцій в значній мірі залежить від надійності роботи високовольтних вимикачів. Будь-які зміни в струмових колах енергетичних систем при нормальних та аварійних режимах виконують вимикачі, робота яких в більшості випадків залежить від технічного стану дугогасильної камери та привода. Для визначення технічного стану вимикача використовують методи постійного та періодичного контролю, найбільш інформативною формою представлення яких є залежності швидкості руху рухомих контактів від часу. Проте їх отримання обмежено конструктивними особливостями, а саме місцями приєднання сенсорів кутового та лінійного переміщення. Запропоновано для визначення технічного стану дугогасильної камери і привода використати метод накладання тестового високочастотного сигналу на коло, яке містить контакти камер елегазових вимикачів під час їх спрацювання. Для визначення сукупності параметрів оцінки технічного стану привода елегазових вимикачів, було проведено дослідження роботи вимикача при нормальній та ненормальній роботі привода вимикача. Запропоновано в якості діагностичного параметра, який характеризує технічний стан спряжених частин привода інтервал часу.Reliability of power plants and substations is largely dependent on the reliability of high-voltage circuit breakers. Any change in current circles of power systems under normal and emergency modes perform switches which work in most cases depends on the technical condition of arc chutes and drive. To determine the technical state of the switch using the methods of continuous and periodic monitoring of the most informative form of representation which is depending on the velocity of the moving contact times. However, they receive on-strictions design features, such as the ground connection of sensors of angular and linear movement. Proposed for determining the technical state explosion chambers and drive - tachi method using overlay test high-frequency signal in the range that contains the contact chambers hexafluoride circuit breakers during their operation. To determine the set of parameters to assess technical state drive gas-insulated switches, a study of the switch during normal operation and abnormal operation of the switch actuator. Proposed as a diagnostic parameter that describes the technical condition of conjugated units drive time interval.Надежность работы электрических станций и электроподстанций в значительной степени зависит от надежности работы высоковольтных выключателей. Любые изменения в токовых цепях энергетических систем при нормальных и аварийных режимах выполняют выключатели, работа которых в большинстве случаев зависит от технического состояния дугогасительной камеры и привода. Для определения технического состояния выключателя используют методы постоянного и периодического контроля, наиболее информативной формой представления которых есть зависимости скорости движения подвижных контактов от времени. Однако их получения ограниченное конструктивными особенностями, а именно местами присоединения сенсоров углового и линейного перемещения. Предложено для определения технического состояния дугогасительной камеры и привода использовать метод наложения тестового высокочастотного сигнала на цепь, которая содержит контакты камер элегазовых выключателей при их срабатывании. Для определения совокупности параметров оценки технического состояния привода элегазовых выключателей, было проведено исследование работы выключателя при нормальной и ненормальной работе привода выключателя. Предложено в качестве диагностического параметра, который характеризует техническое состояние сопряженных частей привода интервал времени

CURRENT PRINCIPLES FOR CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA TREATMENT

The paper describes the classification and treatment options of craniopharyngiomas, benign epithelial tumors arising from the cell remains of the Rathke’s pouch. It presents a few types of surgical accesses during surgical treatment for this disease and gives examples of how to place an Ommaya reservoir

Quantum Multicollision-Finding Algorithm

The current paper presents a new quantum algorithm for finding multicollisions, often denoted by $l$-collisions, where an $l$-collision for a function is a set of $l$ distinct inputs having the same output value. Although it is fundamental in cryptography, the problem of finding multicollisions has not received much attention \emph{in a quantum setting}. The tight bound of quantum query complexity for finding $2$-collisions of random functions has been revealed to be $\Theta(N^{1/3})$, where $N$ is the size of a codomain. However, neither the lower nor upper bound is known for $l$-collisions. The paper first integrates the results from existing research to derive several new observations, e.g.~$l$-collisions can be generated only with $O(N^{1/2})$ quantum queries for a small constant $l$. Then a new quantum algorithm is proposed, which finds an $l$-collision of any function that has a domain size $l$ times larger than the codomain size. A rigorous proof is given to guarantee that the expected number of quantum queries is $O\left( N^{(3^{l-1}-1)/(2 \cdot 3^{l-1})} \right)$ for a small constant $l$, which matches the tight bound of $\Theta(N^{1/3})$ for $l=2$ and improves the known bounds, say, the above simple bound of $O(N^{1/2})$

Морфологические аспекты кровоизлияний в опухоли гипофиза

Morphological features of pituitary adenomas, into which stroma haemorrhages take place, have been established by authors of the article. Tinctorial, macro- and microscopic characteristics have been researched. By an immunohistochemical research a level of expression of VEGF, EGFR, cyclin D1, protein p53 had been determine, that allowed to suppose an immediate reason and pathogenesis of haemorrhages into pituitary adenomas.Авторами статьи установлены морфологические особенности аденом гипофиза, в строму которых происходят кровоизлияния. Исследованы тинкториальные свойства, макро- и микроскопические характеристики. С помощью иммуногистохимического исследования определён уровень экспрессии VEGF, EGFR, циклина D1, белка p53, что позволило предположить непосредственную причину и патогенез питуитарных кровоизлияний

Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Yersinia pestis Using Amplification of Plague Diagnostic Bacteriophages Monitored by Real-Time PCR

BACKGROUND: Yersinia pestis, the agent of plague, has caused many millions of human deaths and still poses a serious threat to global public health. Timely and reliable detection of such a dangerous pathogen is of critical importance. Lysis by specific bacteriophages remains an essential method of Y. pestis detection and plague diagnostics. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The objective of this work was to develop an alternative to conventional phage lysis tests--a rapid and highly sensitive method of indirect detection of live Y. pestis cells based on quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) monitoring of amplification of reporter Y. pestis-specific bacteriophages. Plague diagnostic phages phiA1122 and L-413C were shown to be highly effective diagnostic tools for the detection and identification of Y. pestis by using qPCR with primers specific for phage DNA. The template DNA extraction step that usually precedes qPCR was omitted. phiA1122-specific qPCR enabled the detection of an initial bacterial concentration of 10(3) CFU/ml (equivalent to as few as one Y. pestis cell per 1-microl sample) in four hours. L-413C-mediated detection of Y. pestis was less sensitive (up to 100 bacteria per sample) but more specific, and thus we propose parallel qPCR for the two phages as a rapid and reliable method of Y. pestis identification. Importantly, phiA1122 propagated in simulated clinical blood specimens containing EDTA and its titer rise was detected by both a standard plating test and qPCR. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Thus, we developed a novel assay for detection and identification of Y. pestis using amplification of specific phages monitored by qPCR. The method is simple, rapid, highly sensitive, and specific and allows the detection of only live bacteria

Wolbachia endobacteria depletion by doxycycline as antifilarial therapy has macrofilaricidal activity in onchocerciasis: a randomized placebo-controlled study

In a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Ghana, 67 onchocerciasis patients received 200-mg/day doxycycline for 4–6 weeks, followed by ivermectin (IVM) after 6 months. After 6–27 months, efficacy was evaluated by onchocercoma histology, PCR and microfilariae determination. Administration of doxycycline resulted in endobacteria depletion and female worm sterilization. The 6-week treatment was macrofilaricidal, with >60% of the female worms found dead, despite the presence of new, Wolbachia-containing worms acquired after the administration of doxycycline. Doxycycline may be developed as second-line drug for onchocerciasis, to be administered in areas without transmission, in foci with IVM resistance and in areas with Loa co-infections

Trends and development of interstate economic contradictions of modernity

The article examines the trends and dynamics of international economic contradictions identified in the analysis of wars and armed conflicts over the past 300 years