Aktivitas Anti Mikroba Dari Ekstrak Bawang Tiwai

Bawang tiwai (Eleutherine americana L. Merr) has chemical compound such as carbohydrate, protein, fat, alkaloid, flavonoid, carbocylate acid, aldehyde­ keton, thanin and phenol. Bawang tiwai is used by the ethnic of Dayak in Eas Kalimantan for spicy and medicine. Information about this chemical compound should be studied further and one of the study is to know the characteristic and activity of bawang tiwai as antimicrobial activity. The extract of bawang tiwai using methanol solvent has characteristic of brown concentrated solid (gummy), non crystalin, non aromatic and the extract of bawang tiwai using the solvent of n-tiexene. dietil ether and elit acetate has a characteristic of yellow brownies solid, bit oil, and both extractives are dissolved in acetone and methanol. Repeated seperetion with hexen, etil acetate, benzene-acetone using a coloum chromatography resulted in old yellow to brown fraction and aromatic. The fraclions resulted by step one and two separation are able to resist the growth of salmonella thypi and Bacillus cereus

Aktivitas Antioksidan, Kandungan Total Fenolik dan Kandungan Total Flavonoid Pada Beberapa Tumbuhan Berkhasiat Obat Di Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia

Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of some traditional medicinal plants grown in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, were investigated. Plant sample are Macaranga gigantea leaf, Ceiba pentandra leaf, Ceiba pentandra bark, Blumea balsamifera leaf and Artocarpus altilis leaf. Natural antioxidants from plant species are considered safe. Therefore, people are now more interest in finding out the treatment through natural remedies. The plant's total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, while total flavonoid content was determined by the Colorimetric assay method. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging assay. The results showed that plant samples tested contained 22.02 to 214.88 µg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/mg extract represented the total phenolic content. The flavonoid content of the samples was in range from 50.00 to 896.67 µg of catechin equivalents (CE)/mg extract. The plant samples displayed ability to inhibit DPPH free radical formation by 59-81% at 50 ppm concentration. These finding suggest that these plants could possess natural antioxidants and give a scientific basis to the traditional uses of the investigated plants

Skrining Fitokimia dan Toksisitas dari Ekstrak Daun Pecut Kuda (Stachytarpheta jamaicenesis (L.) Vahl)

The Pecut kuda plant is one of the plants of the genus Stachytarpheta which is found in tropical regions, including Indonesia. In Indonesia this plant is found in East Kalimantan which grows wild. This study aims to determine the type of secondary metabolites and the level of toxicity of the leaves of horse whip (Stachytarpheta jamaicenesis (L.) Vahl). The research stages were sample drying, sample maceration, filtered, concentrated with a rotary evaporator, phytochemical and toxicity tests using linear regression values to determine the LC50 value with SAS probit analysis. Phytochemical test results showed that the pecut horse leaf extract in the n-hexane fraction contained flavonoids, quinones and steroids, the ethyl acetate fraction contained alkaloids, steroids, saponins, flavonoids and quinones and the methanol fraction contained phenolic flavonoids, quinones and saponins. The results of the toxicity test on Artemia salina L. shrimp larvae in the fraction of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol obtained LC50 values of 0.036 ppm, 5.24 ppm and 29.51 ppm, respectively. Based on the LC50 value, it can be concluded that the three fractions are very toxic, but the most toxic is the n-hexane fraction (LC50 = 0.036 ppm)

The Effect of Drought Stress on Growth and Total Flavonoid Content of Tabat Barito Plant (Ficus deltoidea Jack)

This research aimed to evaluate the effects of drought stress on growth and the total flavonoid content of tabat barito plant (Ficus deltoidea Jack). The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mulawarman University, using a completely randomized design consisted of 4 levels drought stress including 100%, 80%, 60%, and 40% field capacity. The F. deltoidea maintained for 9 months old and investigated for the growth parameter (plant height, leaf number, leaf area, the number of branches, stem diameter, and biomass), phytochemical screening, and the total flavonoid content. Drought stress has a significant effect on plant height, the number of branches, stem diameter and biomass. Based on the phytochemical screening, leaf extract of F. deltoidea contained alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, and coumarins. The highest total flavonoid content observed under 40% field capacity (430.77 μg CE mg-1 extract) and the lowest total flavonoid content observed under 100% field capacity (282.05 μg CE mg-1 extract). In general, this results showed that the drought stress motivated a significantly decreased of growth and significantly increased of total flavonoid content of leaves extract. Keywords: cultivation, drought stress, flavonoid, tabat barito (Ficus deltoidea)Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan cekaman kekeringan terhadap pertumbuhan dan kadar flavonoid total tumbuhan tabat barito. Penelitian dilakukan di rumah kaca Laboratorium Fisiologi Tumbuhan, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Mulawarman, menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap yang terdiri dari 4 perlakuan kapasitas lapang air (KL) yaitu: KL 100%, KL 80%, KL 60% dan KL 40%. Setelah tanaman berumur 9 bulan dilakukan pengamatan terhadap peubah pertumbuhan (tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, luas daun, jumlah cabang, diameter batang, biomassa). Perlakuan cekaman kekeringan berpengaruh nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman, jumlah cabang, diameter batang dan biomassa tanaman. Berdasarkan hasil uji fitokimia ekstrak daun tabat barito mengandung alkaloid, fenolik, flavonoid, steroid dan kumarin. Kadar total flavonoid ekstrak daun tertinggi dihasilkan pada perlakuan KL 40% sebesar 430.77 μg Catechin Equivalen (CE) mg-1 ekstrak daun dan berbeda nyata dengan perlakuan KL 100%, 80% dan 60%. Kadar flavonoid total terendah terdapat pada perlakuan KL 100% sebesar 282.05 μg CE mg-1 ekstrak. Secara umum, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan cekaman kekeringan secara nyata menghambat pertumbuhan dan meningkatkan kadar total flavonoid ekstrak daun tabat barito. Kata kunci: budidaya, cekaman kekeringan, flavonoid, tabat barito (Ficus deltoidea

TEST OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY (DPPH METHOD) OF METHANOL EXTRACT AND ITS FRACTIONS FROM LEAVES OF KNOBWEED (Hyptis capitata Jacq.)

Test of antioxidant activity of methanol extract and its fractions from leaves of Knobweed (Hyptis capitata Jacq.) were carried out. This research was conducted to determine antioxidant activity in the fractions resulting from column chromatography separation. Antioxidant activity test was carried out by DPPH method while phytochemical was carried out by test colour of TLC method. The results of the first column chromatographic separation produced 18 fractions. The results of the first column antioxidant activity test showed that the value of antioxidant activity ranged from 0.923-81.849% at a sample concentration of 100 ppm. The second column chromatographic separation was carried out in fraction 16. The results of the second column antioxidant activity test produced 18 fractions. The results of the second column antioxidant activity test showed that the value of antioxidant activity ranged from 10.384-59.769% at a sample concentration of 50 ppm. The second column antioxidant activity test produced fraction 15 and fraction 16 showed IC50 values ??of 40.321 and 56.812 ppm respectively. Phytochemical test results showed that fraction 15 and fraction 16 contained alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, polyphenols and steroids/terpenoids.   Keywords:   Antioxidant, knobweed (Hyptis capitata Jacq), column chromatography, antioxidants, DPPH, secondary metabolite

KANDUNGAN ANTIOKSIDAN PADA JAMUR TIRAM PUTIH (Pleurotus ostreatus)

Indonesia merupakan negara hutan tropis yang luas, maka tak heran negara ini menjadi negara megabiodiversitas. Jamur tiram merupakan salah satu hasil kekayaan alam Indonesia yang memiliki potensi sebagai tanaman kesehatan dan obat. penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memunculkan potensi aktivitas antioksidan pada jamur tiram yang banyak dibudidaya di Kalimantan Timur khususnya Samarinda. Sampel kami ambil dari rumah jamur borneo dan penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Kimia Hasil Hutan, Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Mulawarman. Metode ekstraksi bertingkat menggunakan n-heksan, etil asetat, dan etanol. Metode antioksidan yang digunakan adalah penangkal radikal bebas (DPPH) dengan masing-masing tiga kali pengulangan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi pada ekstrak air dengan nilai penghambatan 25% pada kosentrasi 100 ppm. Pada ekstrak heksan merupakan hambatan terkecil dengan nilai penghambatan 2,41% pada kosentrasi 25ppm.

POTENSI JAMUR TIRAM PUTIH (Pleurotus ostreatus) TERHADAP PENGHAMBATAN Candida albicans DAN Propionibacterium acnes

Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) is not a new food for the community. Long time ago oyster mushrooms is food but not so well known. Now oyster mushrooms have been accepted by the community as a healthy food. This is the background of this research to produce mushrooms not only as nutritious food but also natural medicine. The purpose of this study was to examine the antimicrobial potential of oyster mushrooms by determination of clear zone against Candida albicans and Propionibacterium acnes bacterias. This research was conducted at Forest Products Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Forestry, Mulawarman University. The resources of oyster mushroom we used in this study comes from the cultivation of the entrepreanure forestry student group in Mulawarman University. This study used successful extraction with hexane solvent, ethyl acetate, ethanol, water, and crude ethanol. The results obtained that the highest antimicrobial inhibition against Candida albicans bacteria with 47.60% with a concentration of 100 ppm but, on the antimicrobial against Propionibacterium acnes bacteria did not show any significant inhibition

PREVENTION METHODS AGAINST Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens INFECTION IN TILAPIA

This research evaluated a method involving provision of a concoction of Boesenbergia pandurata, Solanum ferox dan Zingimber zerumbet extracts for pathogen prevention in tilapia. The concentration of each extract was 600 ppm of Boesenbergia pandurata/BP, 900 ppm of Solanum ferox/SF and 200 ppm of Zingimber zerumbet/ZZ. The examination was performed by issuing two combinations of extracts (SF:BP, SF:ZZ) against Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens (105 CFUmL-1). Preventive trials were carried out by providing a concoction of extracts through intraperitoneal injection (0.1 mL/fish) in tilapia (15±2 g) and the immersion method was performed by bathing the fish in the extracts for 20 minutes, with pathogen challenging during the following 24 h being carried out. The composition of the used extract was by SF60:ZZ40; SF50:ZZ50; BP90:SF10; BP50:SF50; and fish without being given the extract. Haematology and immunology parameters were observed at the 4th week after challanges with pathogenic bacteria. The number of white blood cells (WBCs) increased significantly (P <0.05) compared to controls without extract, with a similar increase observed for red blood cell (RBCs), but heamatocrit (Ht) and hemoglobin (Hb) values did not significantly increase compared to control. Phagocytic index, respiratory burst and lysozyme activities also experienced a significant increase in fish fed with combined extracts compared to controls. The numbers of pathogenic bacteria in the body of the fish given extract were also lower than the control and significantly different at the 4th week. The results of this study indicate that giving combined extracts of SF50:ZZ50 and BP90:SF10 provides the best protection (RPS) against infection of A. hydrophila and P. fluorescent by injection of 100%. This study indicates that providing combined extracts by injection and immersion in the ratio of SF50:ZZ50 has a positive effect in increasing the non-specific immune system of tilapia and increasing protection against bacterial infections

Karakteristik dan Aktivitas Antimikroba Minyak Atsiri Daun Actinodaphne borneensis Terhadap Mikroorganise Penyebab Karies Gigi

Pencarian bahan alami sebagai alternatif pengobatan terhadap infeksi penyebab karies gigi terus dilakukan, salah satunya yaitu menggunakan minyak atsiri. Actinodaphne borneensis merupakan spesies tumbuhan hutan penghasil minyak atsiri dari famili Lauraceae yang tersebar luas di hutan Borneo khususnya Kalimantan Timur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis karakteristik minyak atsiri daun A. borneensis yang dihasilkan dan mengetahui potensi aktivitas antimikroba terhadap bakteri dan jamur penyebab karies gigi. Minyak atsiri daun A. borneensis diisolasi dengan distilasi water and steam distillation. Minyak atsiri yang diperoleh diuji sifat fisik dan dilakukan identifikasi senyawa penyusunnya menggunakan GC-MS. Aktivitas antimikroba diuji menggunakan metode difusi agar dengan konsentrasi uji 100%, 10% dan 1%. Empat mikroorganisme uji yang digunakan antara lain bakteri Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus dan jamur Candida albicans. Hasil karakteristik minyak atsiri yang dihasilkan menunjukkan rendemen sebesar 0,1507%, berwarna kuning, nilai indeks bias 1,441 dan larut dalam alkohol 1:2,4 bagian. Berdasarkan hasil analisis GC-MS menunjukkan komponen kimia penyusun minyak atsiri yang mendominasi diantaranya spathulenol, β-ocimene, (+)-aromadendren, D-limonene dan epiglobulol. Aktivitas antimikroba tumbuhan A. borneensis berpotensi dapat menghambat pertumbuhan S. aureus, S. mutans, S. sobrinus dan C. albicans, dengan zona hambat masing-masing 15,11, 19,78, 20,56, dan 16,77 mm

Uji In Vitro Gabungan Ekstrak Boesenbergia pandurata, Solanum ferox, Zingimber zerumbet terhadap Bakteri Patogen pada Ikan Nila (IN VITRO TEST OF CONCOCTION PLANT EXTRACTS OF BOESENBERGIA PANDURATA, SOLANUM FEROX, ZINGIMBER ZERUMBET

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanol concoction (mixed extract) of three herbs plants, such as: Boesenbergia pandurata, Solanum ferox and Zingimber zerumbet against Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas sp. and both bacteria. The Plant extracts were obtained by using ethanol and the concentration of the extract was 600 mgL-1 of B. pandurata, 900 mgL-1 of S. ferox and 200 mgL-1 of Z. zerumbet. The inhibition zone was measured after 6, 12, 18, 24 h incubation at 30o C. The ratios of concoction S. ferox and B. pandurata (for 100 mL solution) were 90:10; 80:20; 70:30; 60:40; 50:50; 40:60; 30:70; 20:80; 10:90. The same ratios were made on the concoction of S. ferox and Z. zerumbet. The concoctions of S. ferox and B. pandurata in the ratio of 50:50 and 60:40, and the concoction of S. ferox and Z. Zerumbet with ratio 60:40 had higher antibacterial activity against A. hydrophila single isolate compared to the other concoctions. Furthermore, the concoction extract of S. ferox and B. pandurate 50:50 and the combined of S. ferox and Z. zerumbet ratio 50:50 and 90:10 were the best combination to inhibit the growth of a single bacterium Pseudomonas sp. The combined S. ferox and B. pandurata ratio 50:50; 10:90 and S. ferox mixed with Z. zerumbet ratio 50:50 and 40:60 were the best combination against the combined bacteria between A. hydrophila and Pseudomonas sp. The conclusion of this research was the combined extract of S. ferox and B. pandurata and S. ferox with Z. zerumbet are effective to suppress the growth of single or combination of A. hydropila and Pseudomonas sp