Training or Improvisation? Citizen journalists and their educational backgrounds-a comparative view

While citizen journalists hope to bring new impulses to mass media performance, it is often asked whether they are adequately trained for the production of “newsworthy” stories. This paper focuses on educational aspects of citizen journalism, which, to date, have largely been disregarded by empirical research. A comparative analytical design illustrates the different ways in which citizen journalists acquire and develop the skills that are necessary to undertake journalistic activities in the different journalism cultures throughout Europe. The authors carried out a multi-national analysis in six European countries (United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, and Poland). In each country, an extensive desk study helped to map the field of citizen journalism and highlight the most relevant examples. Semi-structured interviews with 54 practitioners in the field (representing different types of citizen journalism) made it possible to identify the alternative strategies that citizen journalists employ to prepare themselves for news production initiatives. The research demonstrates that the educational backgrounds of citizen journalists display differences as well as similarities—both within and across journalism cultures. While some of the actors in the field have a clear idea of what constitutes good journalism (and sometimes even aspire to work in a mainstream media organization), others seem to care little about journalistic standards and have only a vague idea about the identity of the profession. On the basis of these insights, the paper develops a typology of citizen journalists that takes into account both their education and their journalistic scope

The Global and Local in Phillips Curve\ud

The debate over the Phillips Curve - as the relation between level of unemployment rate and inflation rate - in historical economics is shortly reviewed. By using the analysis in the Extreme Value Theory, i.e.: the rank order statistics the unemployment and inflation data over countries from various regions are observed. The calculations brought us to conjecture that there exists the general pattern that could lead from the relation between unemployment and inflation rate. However, the difference patterns as observed in the Phillips Curve might could be reflected from the range of values of the local variables of the incorporated model.\u

Educational strategies in data journalism: A comparative study of six European countries

The article explores training programs in higher education with regard to data journalism from a multi-national perspective. By carrying out a comparative analysis in six European countries (Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Italy, Poland, and the United Kingdom), it covers different models of media systems and journalistic cultures envisaged by Hallin and Mancini. Based on a desk review and in-depth interviews with instructors of data journalism in each country, the article identifies different approaches to the way data journalism is taught. In Europe, such programs are offered by four types of organizations: academic, vocational, professional, and civic. The role played by those organizations can be explained as a result of the peculiarities of national media systems. But there are also commonalities, for example, non-academic institutions (such as the European Journalism Center or the Center for Investigative Journalism) and major international news outlets (such as The Guardian and The New York Times) seem to take over a leading role in all of the analyzed countries. Generally speaking, data journalism education appears to be a very young discipline that frequently neglects fundamental journalistic topics such as ethical issues, transparency, accountability, and responsiveness although they are crucial in a journalistic field as sophisticated tools to reveal hidden aspects of reality

Integrals of motion and the shape of the attractor for the Lorenz model

In this paper, we consider three-dimensional dynamical systems, as for example the Lorenz model. For these systems, we introduce a method for obtaining families of two-dimensional surfaces such that trajectories cross each surface of the family in the same direction. For obtaining these surfaces, we are guided by the integrals of motion that exist for particular values of the parameters of the system. Nonetheless families of surfaces are obtained for arbitrary values of these parameters. Only a bounded region of the phase space is not filled by these surfaces. The global attractor of the system must be contained in this region. In this way, we obtain information on the shape and location of the global attractor. These results are more restrictive than similar bounds that have been recently found by the method of Lyapunov functions.Comment: 17 pages,12 figures. PACS numbers : 05.45.+b / 02.30.Hq Accepted for publication in Physics Letters A. e-mails : [email protected] & [email protected]

Phonons in MgB2 by Polarized Raman Scattering on Single Crystals

The paper presents detailed Raman scattering study of the unusually broad E2g phonon mode in MgB2 crystal. For the first time, it is shown by the polarized Raman scattering on few-micron-size crystallites with natural faces that the observed broad Raman feature really does obey the selection rules of an E2g mode. Raman spectra on high quality polycrystalline superconducting MgB2 wires reveal a very symmetric E2g phonon line near 615 1/cm with the room temperature linewidth of 260 1/cm only. Additional scattering of different polarization dependence, observed in certain crystallites is interpreted as weighted phonon density of states induced by lattice imperfections.Comment: 4 pages + 7 figure

Prevalencija, čimbenici virulencije i otpornost na antibiotike bakterije E. coli O157 u izmetu odraslih preživača zaklanih u tri turske provincije

In the present study the prevalence, presence of Stx1, Stx2, EhlyA and eaeA virulence genes and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli O157 strains isolated from the feces of 417 adult ruminants slaughtered in three provinces of Turkey were investigated. A total of 16 (3.8%) E. coli O157 strains were isolated from 417 fecal samples. Among these strains 9 (3.3%), 4 (7.8%), 2 (2.4%) and 1 (7.1%) were obtained from 269 cattle, 51 water buffaloes, 83 sheep and 14 goats, respectively. All strains were screened for the presence of rfbO157, fliCH7, Stx1, Stx2, eaeA and EhlyA genes by PCR. The rfbO157 gene was determined in all strains, while 7 (43.8%) of 16 strains harbored fliCH7, Stx2, EhlyA and eaeA genes. eaeA gene was obtained from 11 (68.8%) strains, 4 (25.0%) of these were alone. The Stx1 gene was not determined in any of the 16 strains and 5 (31.2%) strains were also negative for fliCH7, Stx2, EhlyA and eaeA genes. High resistance rates were determined against ampicillin (68.7%), neomycin (68.7%), tetracycline (68.7%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (62.5%) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (56.2%) in 16 E. coli 157 strains isolated in this study. The present study investigated the presence of E. coli O157 serotype, its major virulence genes and antibiotic resistance in the strains isolated from the feces of different slaughtered ruminants, including cattle, water buffalo, sheep and goats for the first time in Turkey, and showed the water buffaloes, sheep and goats, like cattle, may be a potential reservoir of E. coli O157:H7 infections for humans.Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je utvrditi prevalenciju, prisutnost gena virulencije Stx1, Stx2, EhlyA i eaeA te otpornost na antibiotike sojeva E. coli O157 izoliranih iz izmeta 417 odraslih preživača zaklanih u tri turske provincije. Ukupno je izolirano 16 sojeva E. coli O157 (3,8 %). Od tih sojeva 9 sojeva (3,3 %) potjecalo je od 269 goveda, 4 soja (7,8 %) od 51 vodenog bivola, 2 soja (2,4 %) od 83 ovce i 1 soj (7,1 %) od 14 koza. Svi su sojevi analizirani metodom lančane reakcije polimeraze na prisutnost gena rfbO157, fliCH7, Stx1, Stx2, eaeA i EhlyA. Gen rfbO157 dokazan je u svim sojevima, dok su u 7 (43,8 %) od 16 sojeva utvrđeni geni fliCH7, Stx2, EhlyA i eaeA. Gen eaeA utvrđen je u 11 sojeva (68,8 %), a u 4 (25,0 %) od tih 11 bio je samo taj gen. Gen Stx1 nije pronađen ni u jednom od 16 sojeva, dok je 5 sojeva (31,2 %) bilo negativno za gene fliCH7, Stx2, EhlyA i eaeA. Utvrđena je visoka otpornost na ampicilin (68,7 %), neomicin (68,7 %), tetraciklin (68,7 %), trimetoprim/sulfametoksazol (62,5 %) i amoksicilin/klavulansku kiselinu (56,2 %) u 16 sojeva E. coli O157 izoliranih u ovom istraživanju. U ovom je istraživanju analizirana prisutnost serotipa E. coli O157, glavni geni virulencije i antibiotska otpornost u sojevima izoliranima iz izmeta nekoliko različitih vrsta preživača, uključujući goveda, vodene bivole, ovce i koze. Ovime je prvi put dokazano da navedene vrste životinja mogu biti potencijalni rezervoari infekcije bakterijom E. coli O157 za ljude u Turskoj

Penerapan Metode Pembelajaran Numbered Heads Together (Nht) Untuk Meningkatkan Motivasi Dan Hasil Belajar Kelarutan Dan Hasil Kali Kelarutan Kelas XI IPA 4 Sman 8 Surakarta Tahun Pelajaran 2012/2013

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan (1) motivasi belajar kelarutan dan hasil kali kelarutan dan (2) hasil belajar kelarutan dan hasil kali kelarutan melalui penerapan metode pembelajaran Numbered Heads Together (NHT). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas (Classroom Action Research) yang dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus dimana setiap siklusnya terdiri atas empat tahapan, yaitu perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pengamatan, dan refleksi. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas XI IPA 4 SMAN 8 Surakarta Tahun Pelajaran 2012/2013. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui pengamatan, wawancara, kajian dokumen, angket, dan tes. Data yang diperoleh divalidasi menggunakan teknik triangulasi sumber dan dianalisis menggunakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif yang mengacu pada Miles dan Huberman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan capaian motivasi belajar pada siklus I dan siklus II masing-masing mencapai 58,33% dan 79,17%. Hasil belajar yang diukur pada aspek kognitif dan afektif menunjukkan pada siklus I mencapai 29,17% dan 62,5% serta pada siklus II mencapai 70,83% dan 83,33%. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah penerapan metode pembelajaran Numbered Heads Together (NHT) mampu meningkatkan (1) motivasi belajar kelarutan dan hasil kali kelarutan dan (2) hasil belajar kelarutan dan hasil kali kelarutan kelas XI IPA 4 SMAN 8 Surakarta

Water Quality in Rainwater Tanks in Rural and Metropolitan Areas of New South Wales, Australia

This paper compares the water quality of rainwater tanks throughout the Sydney metropolitan area to that in rural New South Wales, Australia. The water quality is compared against the Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling (AGWR) to determine if the untreated rainwater from both areas can be considered suitable for non-potable water supply without filtration. Additionally this paper reports on a set of experiments where rainwater collected from a typical domestic roof in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia was treated by a pre-treatment of granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption filter followed by micro-filtration. The GAC column removed the pollutants through an adsorption mechanism. GAC is a macroporous solid with a very large surface area providing many sites for adsorption and it is this property that makes it an efficient adsorbent. The parameters analysed were ammonia, anions and cations, heavy metals, nitrate and nitrite, pH, total hardness, total organic carbon, total suspended solids and turbidity. The results indicate that before treatment, the rainwater already complied to many of the parameters specified in the AGWR, certain pollutants have the potential at times to exceed the AGWR. The water quality was within the AGWR limits after the treatment. The micro- filtration flux values demonstrate that rainwater was able to be filtered through the membranes under low gravitational heads that are typically available in a rainwater tank while still producing sufficient membrane flux and pollutant removal rates

Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Tgt (Teams Games Tournament) Dilengkapi Kartu Destinasi Untuk Meningkatkan Kreativitas Dan Hasil Belajar Siswa Pada Materi Pokok Koloid Kelas XI SMA Negeri 2 Sukoharjo

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan, (1) kreativitas siswa pada materi pokok koloid di SMA Negeri 2 Sukoharjo tahun ajaran 2012/2013 dengan penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe TGT (Teams Games Tournament) yang dilengkapi kartu destinasi, dan (2) hasil belajar siswa pada materi pokok koloid di SMA Negeri 2 Sukoharjo tahun ajaran 2012/2013 dengan penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe TGT (Teams Games Tournament) dilengkapi dengan kartu destinasi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan Kelas (PTK) yang terdiri dari dua siklus. Setiap siklus terdiri atas empat tahap yaitu perencanaan, pelaksanaan tindakan, observasi dan refleksi. Subyek penelitian adalah siswa kelas XI IPA 3 SMA Negeri 2 Sukoharjo tahun ajaran 2012/2013. Sumber data berasal dari guru dan siswa. Data diperoleh melalui observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi, tes siklus satu dan dua serta angket. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, (1) penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Teams Games Tournament (TGT) dengan kartu destinasi pada materi pokok koloid dapat meningkatkan kreativitas siswa. Peningkatan kreativitas siswa dapat dilihat dari kenaikan presentase siswa dengan kategori tinggi pada siklus I sebesar 52,94% menjadi 70,59% pada siklus II, (2) penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Teams Games Tournament (TGT) dengan kartu destinasi pada materi pokok koloid dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa dari aspek kognitif dan afektif. Pada aspek kognitif ketuntasan siswa pada siklus I 44,12% meningkat menjadi 82,35% pada siklus II. Dari Aspek afektif menunjukkan bahwa terdapat peningkatan persentase dari 74,32% pada siklus I menjadi 80,02% pada siklus II

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Predict Observe Explaint (Poe) Menggunakan Metode Eksperimen Dan Demonstrasi Terhadap Prestasi Belajar Siswa Pada Pokok Bahasan Larutan Penyangga Kelas XI SMA Al Islam 1 Surakarta Tahun Pelajaran 2013/2014

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bahwa metode eksperimen dapat memberikan prestasi belajar lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan metode demonstrasi pada penerapan model pembelajaran Predict Observe Explaint (POE) untuk pokok bahasan larutan penyangga. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen semu dengan rancangan penelitian The-One-shot-Case-Study. Sampel diambil dengan teknik cluster random sampling, diperoleh 2 kelas yaitu kelas XI IPA 1 sebagai kelas eksperimen I (pembelajaran POE dengan eksperimen) dan kelas XI IPA 2 sebagai kelas eksperimen II (pembelajaran POE dengan demonstrasi). Teknik pengumpulan data aspek kognitif menggunakan metode tes, sedangkan aspek afektif menggunakan metode angket. Teknik analisis data untuk pengujian hipotesis dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji t pihak kanan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh prestasi belajar kognitif siswa kelas eksperimen I dan kelas eksperimen II masing-masing sebesar 76,05 dan 71,42. Nilai rata-rata prestasi belajar afektif siswa kelas eksperimen I dan kelas eksperimen II masing-masing sebesar 83,63 dan 80,14. Hasil hasil uji t-pihak kanan untuk prestasi belajar kognitif diperoleh thitung = 1,77 > ttabel = 1,67 dan untuk prestasi belajar afektif diperoleh thitung = 1,94 > ttabel = 1,67. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa metode eksperimen memberikan prestasi belajar lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan metode demonstrasi pada penerapan model pembelajaran POE untuk pokok bahasan larutan penyangga