Mobile Media Use : Structure and Order - Three Project Reports

In diesem Band werden drei empirische Forschungsprojekte zur Nutzung von mobilen Medien im öffentlichen Raum dokumentiert. Projekt I: "Einsteigen mit Medien. Eine Studie zur Nutzung mobiler Medien im öffentlichen Stadtverkehr am Beispiel der Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart" / Projekt II: "Angst vor der Langeweile? Nutzung mobiler Medien in Wartesituationen" / Projekt III: "Musica Mobilis. Unterwegs mit der schwerelosen Musiksammlung. Eine Studie über die Auswirkungen des mobilen Musikkonsums auf die Wertschätzung von Musik

Modélisation de l'anisotropie directionnelle de la température de surface : application au cas de milieux forestiers et urbains

La variabilité des températures de surface résultant du couplage entre transferts énergétiques et radiatifs au sein des couverts induit une forte anisotropie directionnelle des mesures dans l'infrarouge thermique (IRT). Une approche de modélisation de l'anisotropie directionnelle sur des couverts à géométrie complexe est décrite. Elle repose sur la combinaison de maquettes informatiques 3D fournissant l'information sur les éléments vus par le capteur et de modèles de transfert calculant les températures des facettes. L'agrégation des luminances élémentaires permet alors de calculer la température de surface directionnelle, puis l'anisotropie par différence avec la température au nadir. Deux cas de couverts sont traités : un couvert forestier de pin maritime (Landes de Gascogne) et un milieu urbain (centre ville de Toulouse étudié dans le cadre du projet CAPITOUL). Pour le couvert forestier une maquette simplifiée concentrant le feuillage au sein de cylindres opaques est associée à un modèle paramétrique de hot spot destiné à reproduire les effets de micro-structure liés aux aiguilles et à leur agencement dans l'espace. Le modèle de transfert MuSICA (INRA) fournit les températures élémentaires des houppiers et de la strate herbacée du sous-bois. Pour le milieu urbain, le modèle SOLENE (CERMA Nantes) étendu à l'IRT et le modèle TEB (Météo France) ont été combinés avec la maquette 3D de Toulouse afin de simuler l'anisotropie en conditions diurnes et nocturnes. Les simulations de l'anisotropie directionnelle sont comparées à des mesures aéroportées. En conditions diurnes les effets de hot spot sont bien restitués, malgré une sous-estimation d'environ 15%, tandis que l'anisotropie directionnelle nocturne sur le milieu urbain est correctement simulée. Les résultats sont discutés et des perspectives d'améliorations proposéesThe variability of the surface temperatures resulting from the coupling between energy and radiative transfers within canopies is prone to induce a strong directional anisotropy of measurements in the thermal infrared (TIR). A modelling approach developed for complex canopies is described. It is based on the combination of 3D models providing the information about the distribution of the elements of the canopy seen by the sensor, with transfer models computing the surface temperatures of the facets. The aggregation of radiances allows one to derive the directional temperature and the anisotropy by subtracting the nadir temperature. Two canopies are studied: a stand of maritime pine (in Landes de Gascogne, SW France) and a urban area (Toulouse city studied in the framework of the CAPITOUL experiment). For the forest canopy, a simplified 3D model concentrating all the foliage within cylinders is associated to a parametric model of hot spot which allows one to take into account the microscale effects related to needles and to their spatial distribution. The MuSICA model (developed at INRA) provides the temperatures of the crowns and herbaceous underneath layer at the ground. For the urban canopy, the SOLENE model (developed at CERMA, Nantes ) and the TEB model (developed at Météo France) are combined with the 3D model of Toulouse to simulate the TIR anisotropy both in daytime and nightime conditions. The simulations are compared against airborne measurements of anisotropy. For daytime conditions, the hot spot effects are satisfactorily reproduced with however a 15% underestimation, while the nightime directional anisotropy over the urban canopy is correctly simulated. The results are discussed and improvements propose

Natural and Engineered Hydroxyectoine Production Based on the Pseudomonas stutzeri ectABCD-ask Gene Cluster▿ †

We report on the presence of a functional hydroxyectoine biosynthesis gene cluster, ectABCD-ask, in Pseudomonas stutzeri DSM5190T and evaluate the suitability of P. stutzeri DSM5190T for hydroxyectoine production. Furthermore, we present information on heterologous de novo production of the compatible solute hydroxyectoine in Escherichia coli. In this host, the P. stutzeri gene cluster remained under the control of its salt-induced native promoters. We also noted the absence of trehalose when hydroxyectoine genes were expressed, as well as a remarkable inhibitory effect of externally applied betaine on hydroxyectoine synthesis. The specific heterologous production rate in E. coli under the conditions employed exceeded that of the natural producer Pseudomonas stutzeri and, for the first time, enabled effective hydroxyectoine production at low salinity (2%), with the added advantage of simple product processing due to the absence of other cosolutes

Modélisation de l'anisotropie directionnelle dans l'infrarouge thermique au-dessus d'un peuplement de pin maritime

Des mesures expérimentales réalisées dans l’infrarouge thermique (IRT) au-dessus de surfaces variées (forêts de pin maritime, milieux urbains…) révèlent une importante anisotropie directionnelle et des effets systématiques de ‘hot spot’ atteignant plusieurs K en conditions diurnes. Une modélisation de l’anisotropie est développée en vue d’applications multiples : correction des données des satellites à large fauchée, assimilation de données multi-capteurs multi-angulaires de température de surface dans les modèles de transfert et de croissance. La méthodologie est développée et testée dans le cas d’un peuplement de pin maritime des Landes (Sud-Ouest de la France). La modélisation est basée sur la mise en oeuvre de maquettes informatiques 3D de couverts forestiers. La génération de scènes dans diverses configurations d’éclairement solaire et de visée est faite à l’aide du logiciel POV-ray et permet d’identifier les diverses facettes du couvert soit éclairées, soit à l’ombre. La température radiative directionnelle résultante est ensuite calculée par combinaison de leurs températures élémentaires issues soit de mesures soit d’un modèle TSVA. Les premiers résultats obtenus sur le peuplement de pin maritime du site INRA du Bray et leur validation par rapport à des mesures aéroportées de température de surface directionnelles sont présentés et discutés

Experimental characterization of directional anisotropy of thermal infrared measurements over an urban area in nightime conditions

International audienc

Does co-presence affect the way we perceive and respond to emotional interactions?

This study compared how two virtual display conditions of human body expressions influenced explicit and implicit dimensions of emotion perception and response behavior in women and men. Two avatars displayed emotional interactions (angry, sad, affectionate, happy) in a 'pictorial' condition depicting the emotional interactive partners on a screen within a virtual environment and a 'visual' condition allowing participants to share space with the avatars, thereby enhancing co-presence and agency. Subsequently to stimulus presentation, explicit valence perception and response tendency (i.e. the explicit tendency to avoid or approach the situation) were assessed on rating scales. Implicit responses, i.e. postural and autonomic responses towards the observed interactions were measured by means of postural displacement and changes in skin conductance. Results showed that self-reported presence differed between pictorial and visual conditions, however, it was not correlated with skin conductance responses. Valence perception was only marginally influenced by the virtual condition and not at all by explicit response behavior. There were gender-mediated effects on postural response tendencies as well as gender differences in explicit response behavior but not in valence perception. Exploratory analyses revealed a link between valence perception and preferred behavioral response in women but not in men. We conclude that the display condition seems to influence automatic motivational tendencies but not higher level cognitive evaluations. Moreover, intragroup differences in explicit and implicit response behavior highlight the importance of individual factors beyond gender

Analysis of thermal infrared directional anisotropy over different surface types

Measurements of surface temperature performed in the thermal infrared (TIR) domain display important directional anisotropy and significant 'hot spot' effects during daytime. These depend (1) on the surface structure which governs the temperature profiles inside the canopy via the coupled energy-radiative transfers simultaneously to the spatial distribution of the facets seen by the sensor, and (2) on the solar position. Characterizing the TIR directional anisotropy is important for several purposes : (1) access to the surface temperature of the different canopy layers for improving sensible heat flux estimates, (2) assimilation of multi-angular remotely sensed data in the surface models, (3) correction and normalization of large swath satellite sensors with the scope of analyzing temporal or spatial variability, and (4) definition of optimal viewing configurations and recommendations for future TIR spatial systems. Several experiments based on airborne measurements have been performed to characterize the TIR directional anisotropy over different types of surfaces: pine forests, vineyards, urban areas. The protocol is based on the use of a TIR camera equipped with wide-angle lenses and installed aboard a small aircraft flying different directions. It allows retrieving directional anisotropy (differences between oblique and nadir viewing temperatures) in a range of zenithal viewing angles up to 60° and in all azimutal directions. The possible sources of errors related to the instruments and the atmosphere are analysed and corrections proposed. Experimental results reveal significant directional anisotropy whatever the surface type. Measurements performed at different times of day and at different periods of the year show systematic hot spots in relation with the sun position. The impact of the surface structure is also illustrated. Over maritime pine stands it is shown that the size of the hot spot directly depends on the stand structure (i.e. size, geometry and spacing of trees on the stand), with values reaching ±2 K in the principal plane. Results obtained over vineyards reveal that anisotropy results from the combination of a 'macro structure' effect (orientation of rows) with a 'micro-structure' effect (hot spot of bare stony soil). The strong contrasts between dry bare soil and vegetation walls explain huge directional variations from -12 to 4 K in the principal plane. The impact of the size of buildings, the built-up ratio, and the vegetation ratio on the TIR anisotropy over urban areas is also illustrated from results obtained in the framework of the ESCOMPTE experiment performed at Marseille in 2001 which show ranges of variation between -5 K up to 7 K. An example of application for the correction of two temporal series of NOAA 14 and NOAA 16 data over the city is given. Finally we discuss the difficulty of assessing the contribution of angular variations in surface emissivity to the overall thermal anisotropy, and we briefly present a directional anisotropy modelling approach of surface temperature based on combining 3D canopy models with surface models