National Health Systems’ Performance: Evaluation WHO Indicators

AbstractFor the evaluation of performance at the national level are used the different indicators in comparison with business level. The paper is focused on evaluation of indicators of national health systems’ performance at the level WHO “better health”. The aim of paper is to define the specifics of selected health systems in European Union, analyze and evaluate the selected indicators of performance of these systems which are used by WHO, compare the results of the analysis in these health systems and determine the position of the Czech health system in the set of indicators “better health” in comparison with other countries. The indicators are evaluated in the time series

Direct support as a tool for efficient rainwater management

Water is not only a part of nature but an essential commodity of the economic and social system. The reason is that water is needed in people's lives, in industry and in other sectors of every country's economy. Because of the many studies that point to climate change occurring on planet Earth, there is increasing discussion about measures that could improve the condition of planet Earth and slow down the predictions regarding climate change, as well as adaptation to the already ongoing climate change. In connection with the above, rainwater management has become a crucial topic not only in the Czech Republic in recent years. The fundamental disruption of the natural hydrological cycle is caused by urbanization, the rapidly increasing rate of land consolidation and the expansion of cities and towns, which is currently a strong trend. Therefore, finding new tools and procedures for effective rainwater management is essential, while it is already possible to use many different tools and measures. One of the important economic tools is direct support in the form of projects that financially support modern and, at the same time, sustainable practices for rainwater management. The contribution focuses on direct support that is provided and used in the Czech Republic. First, the position of direct support in a set of other tools supporting efficient rainwater management is presented. Furthermore, specific possibilities of direct support are specified. In the application part of the contribution, attention is focused on using direct support in the Czech Republic. At the end of the contribution, the findings are summarized, and a discussion is opened for the future development of the monitored tool

Categorization of tools for promoting efficient rainwater management on development sites

This paper proposes categorising the tools public administrations can use to support and promote efficient rainwater management on urban and municipal development sites. The overview of tools, their description and classification according to selected criteria was developed as part of a catalogue for the development of software and methodology to support decision-making processes in spatial planning within the framework of the TAČR project SS03010080 (2021–2023). We base our work on published general tool lists and their specifications on rainwater management issues, supported by methodologies for each tool category. The individual groups of tools are complemented by examples from Czech and foreign practice and categorised according to the hierarchical level of public administration, the affected entity and the process stage (planning, implementation, operation) in which the tool is best applied. In total, 18 tools have been distinguished and characterised from five basic categories, i.e. normative, conceptual, coordination and organisational, economic, voluntary and ethical tools. The position of economic instruments in the portfolio appears to be relatively significant, but municipal administrations have limited possibilities of their use, as many of them are tied to national legislation. Based on the characteristics and typology of urban development areas, the appropriate tools for promoting optimal rainwater management design specified in the catalogue will then be recommended using the software and methodology

Testing the neoclassical migration model: An empirical analysis based on panel data for the Czech republic

In this paper is tested validity of the neoclassical migration model. For this purpose, were used Fixed effects model and VAR model. Data contain period of years 2001 to 2010 from 14 regions of the Czech republic and dataset contains 140 observations. Empirical results of Fixed effects model show that socioeconomic determinants had signifficant influence on regional rate of migration in the Czech republic. The direction and strength of influence of the most explanatory variables corresponded to the neoclassical theory. Estimations of VAR model indicate that regional migration did not decrease disparities within regions. These results questioned validity of neoclassical migration model

Assessing the influence of sickness benefits on worker absenteeism: An empirical analysis based on panel data

The influence of economic variables on the probability of being absent was analyzed using longitudinal data on work absence behaviour for each day during 2006 and 2009. Panel data contain everyday information about work attendance of each employee working in the company in South Bohemia, the final sample has 43 800 observations. During the observed period, there were a number of reforms of the sickness insurance in the Czech Republic performed and such reforms affected primarily the replacement level of earnings and influenced the period guaranteeing sickness benefits for an employee. The method used by Johansson and Palme (2002) has been followed. As them, I as well distinguish between the dynamic dependence varying in the fact whether the worker is in the work presence state or in the work absence state. Empirical results show that the worker's costs arising from being absent have a significant effect on work absence behaviour

ANALYSIS OF MIGRATION MODELS AND THEIR EMPIRICAL VERIFICATION FOCUSED ON REGIONAL MIGRATION

Cílem této disertační práce bylo prostřednictvím kvantitativních metod empiricky ověřit platnost vybraných modelů vnitřní migrace, rozšířit tyto modely a odpovědět na otázky, jaké jsou hlavní determinanty migrace a jaký má migrace dopad na ekonomiku. Empirická verifikace byla provedena za využití panelových dat a ekonometrické analýzy. Byla detailně analyzována vnitřní migrace v České republice a v Polsku a byly stanoveny faktory, které vnitřní migraci v těchto zemích determinovaly. Výsledky odhadů naznačily platnost předpokladů neoklasické teorie migrace, kdy klíčovými determinanty vnitřní migrace byly mzdové diference, což je v souladu i se současnými empirickými výzkumy (viz An a kol., 2017; Carlsen a kol., 2013; Laamanen, 2014). Na rozdíl od studií Pop-Silaghi a Ghatak (2011) či Kureková (2015) se v této disertační práci vedle mzdových diferencí jevila jako relevantní faktor i regionální diference v míře nezaměstnanosti. V obou státech byl indikován kladný vztah mezi současnou mírou migrace a zpožděnou proměnnou vyjadřující míru migrace v minulém roce. Příliv migrace do regionu vyvolává další vlnu migrace, což by mohlo signalizovat, že vnitřní migrace přispívá k dalším nerovnostem mezi regiony. To ale nebylo potvrzeno později na základě testu Grangerovy kauzality. Výsledky provedené analýzy ukázaly, že rostoucí náklady na bydlení měly záporný vliv na míru migrace, což je v souladu s očekáváním, že s rostoucími náklady na bydlení v daném regionu klesá zájem o daný region. Test interakčního kořene ukázal, že obyvatelé Polska byli více citliví v rozhodování o migraci v době hospodářské krize než obyvatelé České republiky. Z pohledu push-pull faktorů se v hostitelském regionu jako pull faktory jevily determinanty mzda, poptávka po práci v průmyslovém sektoru ekonomiky a zahraniční lidský kapitál. Naopak jako push faktory se jevily zvyšující se míra nezaměstnanosti, náklady na bydlení a míra urbanizace. Dále byl v předkládané práci testován vliv vnitřních migračních toků na konvergenci regionů v zemích Evropské unie. Pro zkoumání dopadů meziregionální migrace na rozdíly v příjmech a v míře nezaměstnanosti bylo provedeno několik odhadů VAR modelů a byl použit test Grangerovy kauzality. Výsledky provedené analýzy nepodporují závěry neoklasické teorie regionální rozvoje o konvergenci regionů a zároveň se nepotvrdilo se, že by docházelo v důsledku migračních toků k růstu disparit mezi regiony.The aim of this thesis is to verify the validity of selected models of internal migration using quantitative methods and to extend these models and to answer questions: what the main determinants of migration are and how migration affects the economy. The empirical verification was performed using panel data and econometric analysis. Internal migration in the Czech Republic and Poland was analyzed in detail and the factors that determined internal migration in these countries were analyzed. The estimates indicate the validity of the neoclassical theory assumptions, which states that wage differences are the key determinants of internal migration, which is also in line with current empirical research (see An et al., 2017; Carlsen et al., 2013; Laamanen, 2014) and in contrast to the research by Pop-Silaghi and Ghatak (2011) or Kureková (2015) the regional differences in unemployment rates also seemed to be a relevant factor in addition to the wage differences. In both countries, a positive relationship between the migration rate and a delayed explanatory variable expressing the migration rate last year was indicated. The inflow of migration into the region raises another inflow of migration, which would signal that internal migration contributes to further inequalities between regions. However, this was not confirmed later by the Granger causality test. The results of the analysis showed that rising housing costs had a negative impact on the migration rate, which is in line with the assumption that the interest in living in the region would decrease as the housing costs rise in the region. The interaction root test showed that the inhabitants of Poland were more sensitive to decision-making on migration in times of economic crisis than those of the Czech Republic. In terms of push-pull factors, the determinants of wages in the host region, labor demand in the industrial sector of the economy, and foreign human capital all appeared to be pull factors. On the other hand, rising unemployment, housing costs, and urbanization appeared to be push factors. Furthermore, the impact of regional migration flows on the convergence of regions in EU countries was tested. To estimate the impact of interregional migration on income and unemployment differences, several estimates of VAR models were made and the Granger causality test was used. The results do not support the conclusions of the neoclassical regional development theory on the convergence of regions and at the same time, disparities between regions have not been confirmed as a result of migration flows

Direct support as a tool for efficient rainwater management

Water is not only a part of nature but an essential commodity of the economic and social system. The reason is that water is needed in people's lives, in industry and in other sectors of every country's economy. Because of the many studies that point to climate change occurring on planet Earth, there is increasing discussion about measures that could improve the condition of planet Earth and slow down the predictions regarding climate change, as well as adaptation to the already ongoing climate change. In connection with the above, rainwater management has become a crucial topic not only in the Czech Republic in recent years. The fundamental disruption of the natural hydrological cycle is caused by urbanization, the rapidly increasing rate of land consolidation and the expansion of cities and towns, which is currently a strong trend. Therefore, finding new tools and procedures for effective rainwater management is essential, while it is already possible to use many different tools and measures. One of the important economic tools is direct support in the form of projects that financially support modern and, at the same time, sustainable practices for rainwater management. The contribution focuses on direct support that is provided and used in the Czech Republic. First, the position of direct support in a set of other tools supporting efficient rainwater management is presented. Furthermore, specific possibilities of direct support are specified. In the application part of the contribution, attention is focused on using direct support in the Czech Republic. At the end of the contribution, the findings are summarized, and a discussion is opened for the future development of the monitored tool

Healthcare systems and performance evaluation: comparison of performance indicators in V4 countries using models of composite indicators

Healthcare systems play a very important role in society and their role is becoming increasingly important in regard to the phenomenon of population ageing. The issue of the performance of healthcare systems should be at the forefront in terms of the interest of academic research studies and discussions among the scientifi c community. The proper functioning of the healthcare system should also be a priority in regard to public policy. These facts should encourage governments to regularly evaluate the performance of their healthcare systems and create international comparisons. Many indicators are used to measure and evaluate performance of healthcare systems – e.g. those created by the WHO, Eurostat, or OECD Health Statistics and OECD Health Policy Studies. For our paper, data from the OECD Health Policy Studies was used as a primary source. V4 states were chosen for the evaluation of the performance of healthcare systems. The reasons for this are as follows: V4 countries are transitive economies of the CEE with a poorer state of health of their populations than in more developed countries of the OECD or EU; the given systems have long been underfi nanced; and reforms are focused exclusively on economic goals and lack a broader concept in terms of long-term sustainability. For the purposes of this paper, a composite indicator of the performance of healthcare systems was designed and includes ten variables for the studied ten-year period. In order to establish a comparison of the performance of healthcare systems, three methods were used to model them: (i) using the area of a radar chart, (ii) determining performance based on order, and (iii) determining performance based on distance from the reference unit. These three methods for determining the performance of healthcare systems allow us to compare the performance of healthcare systems in V4 countries specifi cally. The goals of this paper are as follows: compare and evaluate the performance of healthcare systems among V4 countries using selected indicators from the fi eld of healthcare and establish what position the Czech Republic’s healthcare system holds in comparison with other V4 countries

Selektivní migrační analýza: případové studie migrace polského zdravotnického personálu

The migration of healthcare staff is closely linked to globalization and primarily to the lack of healthcare staff in OECD countries, which is becoming alarming. This paper focuses on the issue of the migration of Polish healthcare staff. The goal of the paper is to analyze selective migration flows of Polish citizens using the example of healthcare staff and compare the results of the completed analysis with aggregated emigration flows. The completed analysis draws from data from the OECD database (2019) – Health Workforce Migration and International Migration Outlook from 2007 to 2017. The last available data was from 2017. In order to carry out an analysis of selective emigration from Poland, we have studied OECD member states in which an influx of Polish citizens with the work positions of doctor or nurse was recorded. This created a unique data set, which made it possible to specify in greater detail the differences in preference when selecting a destination between common emigrants from Poland and healthcare staff. It was also possible to observe whether preferences differed among doctors and nurses and how their preferences differed over time. This paper points to the fact that the situation on the healthcare market for nurses is becoming more alarming, and also points out the need for higher quality data reporting from this healthcare staff. This paper uses statistical descriptions in order to record the development of emigration flows and correlation analyses for expressing changes in the preferences of Polish healthcare staff.Migrace zdravotnických pracovníků je úzce spjata s globalizací a především s nedostatkem zdravotnických pracovníků v zemích OECD, což je alarmující. Tato práce se zaměřuje na problematiku migrace polského zdravotnického personálu. Cílem práce je analyzovat selektivní migrační toky polských občanů pomocí příkladu zdravotnického personálu a porovnat výsledky dokončené analýzy s agregovanými emigračními toky. Dokončená analýza vychází z údajů z databáze OECD (2019) - Migrace pracovní síly ve zdravotnictví a výhled na mezinárodní migraci od roku 2007 do roku 2017. Poslední dostupná data byla od roku 2017. Abychom mohli provést analýzu selektivní emigrace z Polska, studovali jsme Členské státy OECD, ve kterých byl zaznamenán příliv polských občanů na pracovní pozice lékaře nebo zdravotní sestry. Tím byl vytvořen jedinečný soubor dat, který umožnil podrobněji specifikovat rozdíly v preferencích při výběru destinace mezi běžnými emigranty z Polska a zdravotnickým personálem. Bylo také možné poslouchat je jasné, zda se preference lékařů a sester lišily a jak se jejich preference časem lišily. Tento dokument poukazuje na skutečnost, že situace na zdravotním trhu sester je stále alarmující, a také poukazuje na potřebu kvalitnějších údajů o podávání zpráv od tohoto zdravotnického personálu. Tato práce používá statistické popisy k zaznamenání vývoje emigračních toků a korelačních analýz pro vyjádření změn v preferencích polského zdravotnického personálu

Nedostatek vody: regionální analýzy v České republice od roku 2014 do roku 2018

Pozadí výzkumu: Voda je vzácný přírodní zdroj nezbytný pro život a také mnoho ekonomických aktivit. Nedostatek pitné vody je problémem, který je řešen na národní i mezinárodní úrovni. Celosvětová poptávka po vodě stále roste, ale množství a kvalita vodních zdrojů v mnoha regionech klesá. Nedávné průzkumy populace České republiky ukazují, že nejzávažnějšími globálními problémy jsou akumulace odpadu, znečištění vody, nedostatek pitné vody a znečištění ovzduší. Průměrné teploty v Evropě stále rostou v důsledku změny klimatu a očekává se, že v mnoha oblastech bude voda stále vzácnější. Přiměřená dodávka kvalitní vody je předpokladem hospodářského a sociálního rozvoje, a proto je třeba se naučit šetřit vodou a lépe spravovat dostupné zdroje v této oblasti. Účel článku: Účelem této studie bylo zjistit, do jaké míry byly v České republice od roku 2014 do roku 2018 hodnoceny environmentální problémy - zejména problém nedostatku pitné vody - a zda motivace strachu z nedostatku pitné vody. ochrana vody. Metody: Byla provedena regionální analýza dostupnosti vody v České republice a možných příčin nedostatku vody. Následně jsou analyzovány vybrané sociálně-ekonomické faktory, které by mohly mít dopad na hodnocení nedostatku pitné vody, za použití Gamma a Kendallova Tau a logistické regrese. Analyzované časové období je od roku 2014 do roku 2018. Mikrodata byla převzata z Centra pro výzkum veřejného mínění a k těmto údajům byla přidána vybraná statistika na regionální úrovni z Českého statistického úřadu, která ji doplnila. Zjištění a přidaná hodnota: Vnímání nedostatku pitné vody je ovlivněno nejen ukazateli, které představují objem a cenu vody v každém regionu, ale může být také určeno dalšími socioekonomickými faktory, jako je příjem, pohlaví, věk a vzdělání.esearch background: Water is a scarce natural resource essential for life and also many economic activities. Scarcity of drinking water is a problem that is ad-dressed at national and international levels. Global water demand continues to rise, but the quantity and quality of water resources is declining in many regions. Recent surveys of the population of the Czech Republic show that the most serious global problems are waste accumulation, water pollution, lack of drinking water and air pollution. Average temperatures continue to rise across Europe due to climate change and water is expected to become increasingly scarce in many areas. An adequate supply of good-quality water is a pre-requisite for economic and social development, and thus it is necessary to learn to save water and better manage our available resources in this area. Purpose of the article: The purpose of this study was to investigate to what degree environmental problems - especially the issue of drinking water scarcity - have been evaluated in the Czech Republic from 2014 to 2018 and whether the fear of a lack of drinking water has motivated water conservation. Methods: A regional analysis of water availability in the Czech Republic and the possible causes of water scarcity has been carried out. Subsequently, selected socio-economic factors that could have an impact on the assessment of drinking water scarcity are analyzed using Gamma and Kendall's Tau and logistic regression. The analyzed time period is from 2014 to 2018. Microdata was taken from the Centre for Research of Public Opinion, and selected regional-level statistics from the Czech Statistical Office have been added to this data to supplement it. Findings & Value added: The perception of drinking water shortages is not only influenced by indicators representing the volume and price of water in each region, but can also be determined by other socio-economic factors such as income, gender, age and education