61 research outputs found

    Characterization of polycystin-1 in ADPKD pathogenetic mechanism : biogenesis and functional implications by genetic approaches in mouse

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    La polykystose rĂ©nale autosomique dominante (ADPKD) est une des maladies gĂ©nĂ©tiques les plus communes. ADPKD se manifeste le plus souvent au stade adulte par la prĂ©sence de kystes rĂ©naux, et bien souvent de kystes hĂ©patiques, avec une progression trĂšs variable. ADPKD mĂšne Ă  une insuffisance rĂ©nale: les seuls recours sont la dialyse puis la transplantation rĂ©nale. Les mutations dispersĂ©es sur les gĂšnes PKD1 (majoritairement; la protĂ©ine polycystine-1, PC1) et PKD2 (la protĂ©ine polycystine-2, PC2) sont responsables de l’ADPKD. Le mĂ©canisme pathogĂ©nĂ©tique de perte de fonction (LOF) et donc d’un effet rĂ©cessif cellulaire est Ă©voquĂ© comme causatif de l’ADPKD. LOF est en effet supportĂ© par les modĂšles murins d’inactivation de gĂšnes PKD1/PKD2, qui dĂ©veloppent de kystes, quoique in utĂ©ro et avec une rapiditĂ© impressionnante dans les reins mais pas dans le foie. MalgrĂ© de nombreuses Ă©tudes in vitro, le rĂŽle de PC1/PC2 membranaire/ciliaire reste plutĂŽt hypothĂ©tique et contexte-dĂ©pendant. Ces Ă©tudes ont associĂ© PC1/PC2 Ă  une panoplie de voies de signalisation et ont soulignĂ© une complexitĂ© structurelle et fonctionnelle exceptionnelle, dont l’implication a Ă©tĂ© testĂ©e notamment chez les modĂšles de LOF. Toutefois, les observations patho-cellulaires chez l’humain dont une expression soutenue, voire augmentĂ©e, de PKD1/PC1 et l’absence de phĂ©notypes extrarĂ©naux particuliers remet en question l’exclusivitĂ© du mĂ©canisme de LOF. Il Ă©tait donc primordial 1) d’éclaircir le mĂ©canisme pathogĂ©nĂ©tique, 2) de gĂ©nĂ©rer des outils in vivo authentiques d’ADPKD en terme d’initiation et de progression de la maladie et 3) de mieux connaitre les fonctions des PC1/PC2 indispensables pour une translation clinique adĂ©quate. Cette thĂšse aborde tous ces points. Tout d’abord, nous avons dĂ©montrĂ© qu’une augmentation de PKD1 endogĂšne sauvage, tout comme chez l’humain, est pathogĂ©nĂ©tique en gĂ©nĂ©rant et caractĂ©risant en dĂ©tail un modĂšle murin transgĂ©nique de Pkd1 (Pkd1TAG). Ce modĂšle reproduit non seulement les caractĂ©ristiques humaines rĂ©nales, associĂ©es aux dĂ©fauts du cil primaire, mais aussi extrarĂ©nales comme les kystes hĂ©patiques. La sĂ©vĂ©ritĂ© du phĂ©notype corrĂšle avec le niveau d’expression de Pkd1 ce qui supporte fortement un modĂšle de dosage. Dans un deuxiĂšme temps, nous avons dĂ©montrĂ© par les Ă©tudes de complĂ©mentations gĂ©nĂ©tiques que ces deux organes reposent sur une balance du clivage GPS de Pc1, une modification post-traductionelle typique des aGPCR, et dont l’activitĂ© et l’abondance semblent strictement contrĂŽlĂ©es. De plus, nous avons caractĂ©risĂ© extensivement la biogĂ©nĂšse de Pc1 et de ses dĂ©rivĂ©s in vivo gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©s suite au clivage GPS. Nous avons identifiĂ© une toute nouvelle forme et prĂ©dominante Ă  la membrane, la forme Pc1deN, en plus de confirmer deux fragments N- et C-terminal de Pc1 (NTF et CTF, respectivement) qui eux s’associent de maniĂšre non-covalente. Nous avons dĂ©montrĂ© de façon importante que le trafic de Pc1deN i.e., une forme NTF dĂ©tachĂ©e du CTF, est toutefois dĂ©pendant de l’intĂ©gritĂ© du fragment CTF in vivo. Par la suite, nous avons gĂ©nĂ©rĂ© un premier modĂšle humanisant une mutation PKD1 non-sens tronquĂ©e au niveau du domaine NTF(E3043X) en la reproduisant chez une souris transgĂ©nique (Pkd1extra). Structurellement, cette mutation, qui mimique la forme Pc1deN, s’est Ă©galement avĂ©rĂ©e causative de PKD. Le modĂšle Pkd1extra a permis entre autre de postuler l’existence d’une cross-interaction entre diffĂ©rentes formes de Pc1. De plus, nos deux modĂšles murins sont tous les deux associĂ©s Ă  des niveaux altĂ©rĂ©s de c-Myc et Pc2, et soutiennent une implication rĂ©elle de ces derniers dans l’ADPKD tou comme une interaction fonctionnelle entre les polycystines. Finalement, nous avons dĂ©montrĂ© un chevauchement significatif entre l’ADPKD et le dommage rĂ©nal aigĂŒe (ischĂ©mie/AKI) dont une expression augmentĂ©e de Pc1 et Pc2 mais aussi une stimulation de plusieurs facteurs cystogĂ©niques tel que la tubĂ©rine, la ÎČ-catĂ©nine et l’oncogĂšne c-Myc. Nos Ă©tudes ont donc apportĂ© des Ă©vidences cruciales sur la contribution du gĂšne dosage dans l’ADPKD. Nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© deux modĂšles murins qui serviront d’outil pour l’analyse de la pathologie humaine ainsi que pour la validation prĂ©clinique ADPKD. L’identification d’une nouvelle forme de Pc1 ajoute un niveau de complexitĂ© supplĂ©mentaire expliquant en partie une capacitĂ© de rĂ©gulation de plusieurs voies de signalisation par Pc1. Nos rĂ©sultats nous amĂšnent Ă  proposer de nouvelles approches thĂ©rapeutiques: d’une part, le ciblage de CTF i.e., de style chaperonne, et d’autre part le ciblage de modulateurs intracellulaires (c-Myc, Pc2, Hif1α). Ensemble, nos travaux sont d’une importance primordiale du point de vue informatif et pratique pour un avancement vers une thĂ©rapie contre l’ADPKD. Le partage de voies communes entre AKI et ADPKD ouvre la voie aux approches thĂ©rapeutiques parallĂšles pour un traitement assurĂ©ment beaucoup plus rapide.Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is one of the most common genetic diseases. ADPKD is manifested by the presence of renal cysts detected most often in the adult stage, and frequently liver cysts, with highly variable progression. ADPKD leads to kidney failure with the only recourse of dialysis and eventual kidney transplantation. Mutations dispersed throughout the PKD1 gene (major player, the polycystin-1 protein, PC1) and the PKD2 gene (polycystin-2 protein, PC2) are responsible for ADPKD. The loss of function (LOF) pathogenetic mechanism, and therefore a cellular recessive effect, has been suggested as causative of ADPKD. LOF is indeed supported by the PKD1/PKD2 gene inactivation mouse models, which develop cysts, although in utero with impressive speed in the kidney but not in the liver. Despite many in vitro studies, the membrane/ciliary role of PC1/PC2 remains rather hypothetical and context-dependent. These studies have associated PC1/PC2 to a variety of signaling pathways and underlined exceptional structural and functional complexity, whose involvement has been tested especially in LOF models. However, pathocellular observations in humans with sustained and even increased expression of PKD1/PC1, and the absence of particular human extrarenal phenotypes questions the exclusivity of the LOF mechanism. It was therefore essential 1) to clarify the pathogenetic mechanism, 2) to generate in vivo tools authentic of ADPKD in terms of initiation and progression of the disease and 3) to better understand the essential functions of PC1/PC2 for an adequate clinical translation. This thesis addresses all of these issues. First, we demonstrated that an increase in endogenous PKD1, just like in humans, is pathogenetic by generating and characterizing in detail a transgenic mouse model of Pkd1 (Pkd1TAG). This model not only reproduces the renal human characteristics associated with defects of the primary cilium, but also the extrarenal, namely, liver cysts. The severity of the phenotype correlates with the expression level of Pkd1, which strongly supports a dosage model. Secondly, we have demonstrated with genetic complementation studies that these two organs rely on a balance of Pc1 GPS cleavage, a typical post-translational modification of aGPCR, whose activity and abundance seem strictly controlled. Furthermore, we have extensively characterized Pc1 biogenesis and its derivatives in vivo generated upon GPS cleavage. We have identified a new form, predominantly on the membrane, the Pc1deN form, in addition to confirming the two N- and C-terminal Pc1 fragments (NTF and CTF, respectively), which associate non-covalently. Importantly, we have demonstrated that traffic of Pc1deN i.e., the NTF form detached from the CTF, is still dependant on the integrity of the CTF fragment. Next, we generated a first model humanizing a PKD1 nonsense truncated mutation at the level of the NTF(E3043X) domain by reproducing it in a transgenic mouse (Pkd1extra). Structurally, this mutation, which mimics Pc1deN, has also been shown to be causative of PKD. The Pkd1extra model allowed the proposition of the existence of a cross-interaction between different forms of Pc1. In addition, our two mouse models are both associated with altered levels of c-Myc and Pc2, which is supportive of their involvement in ADPKD and a functional interaction between the polycystins. Finally, we have shown a significant overlap between ADPKD and acute renal injury (ischemia/AKI) namely increased expression of Pc1 and Pc2 but also stimulation of several cystogenic factors such as tuberin, ÎČ-catenin and the oncogene c-Myc. Our studies have therefore given crucial evidence to the contribution of PKD1 gene dosage mechanism in ADPKD. We have developed two mouse models, which can serve as a tool for the analysis of human pathology as well as for preclinical validation of ADPKD. The identification of a new form of Pc1 adds an additional level of complexity in part explaining the regulation capacity of Pc1 on several signaling pathways. Our findings lead us to propose new therapeutic approaches: firstly, targeting the CTF i.e., chaperone style, and also targeting intracellular modulators (c-Myc, Pc2, Hif1α). Together, our work is of paramount importance in an informative point of view and practical perspective for progress towards a therapy for treating ADPKD. The sharing of common pathways between AKI and ADPKD paves the way for parallel therapeutic approaches for assured much faster treatment

    Die Entwicklung des Kapitalmarktes in TransitionslÀndern Beispiel Bosnien und Herzegowina

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    Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, einen historischen Überblick ĂŒber den Aufbau des Kapitalmarktes in BuH zu geben und einen kritischen und wissenschaftlichen Beitrag zu der noch relativ jungen Diskussion rund um den Transformationsprozess und dessen Auswirkungen und Ergebnissen zu leisten. Durch die Transformation des gesellschaftlichen Eigentums, die sogenannte Privatisierung, wurde der Kapitalmarkt ins Leben gerufen. Als Fazit wird auf die Auswirkungen des Transformationsprozess in Hinblick auf die gesamtwirtschaftliche Situation nĂ€her eingegangen. Die Arbeit bezieht sich auf die Entwicklung, die Besonderheiten und die Probleme des Kapitalmarktes sowie die gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen in BuH. Vor dem Hintergrund dieses Transformationsprozesses versucht diese Arbeit den Aufbau und die weitere Entwicklung der Börse in Sarajewo zu untersuchen und zu analysieren. Letzendlich soll beurteilt werden, ob der Transformationsprozess erfolgreich war und wo ein eventueller Nachholbedarf besteht

    Pkd1 transgenic mice: Adult model of polycystic kidney disease with extrarenal and renal phenotypes

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    While high levels of Pkd1 expression are detected in tissues of patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), it is unclear whether enhanced expression could be a pathogenetic mechanism for this systemic disorder. Three transgenic mouse lines were generated from a Pkd1-BAC modified by introducing a silent tag via homologous recombination to target a sustained wild type genomic Pkd1 expression within the native tissue and temporal regulation. These mice specifically overexpressed the Pkd1 transgene in extrarenal and renal tissues from approximately 2- to 15-fold over Pkd1 endogenous levels in a copy-dependent manner. All transgenic mice reproducibly developed tubular and glomerular cysts leading to renal insufficiency. Interestingly, Pkd1(TAG) mice also exhibited renal fibrosis and calcium deposits in papilla reminiscent of nephrolithiasis as frequently observed in ADPKD. Similar to human ADPKD, these mice consistently displayed hepatic fibrosis and approximately 15% intrahepatic cysts of the bile ducts affecting females preferentially. Moreover, a significant proportion of mice developed cardiac anomalies with severe left ventricular hypertrophy, marked aortic arch distention and/or valvular stenosis and calcification that had profound functional impact. Of significance, Pkd1(TAG) mice displayed occasional cerebral lesions with evidence of ruptured and unruptured cerebral aneurysms. This Pkd1(TAG) mouse model demonstrates that overexpression of wildtype Pkd1 can trigger the typical adult renal and extrarenal phenotypes resembling human ADPKD.This work was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) [MOP-81325 to MT] and a CIHR Frederick Banting and Charles Best studentship to AK and a Fonds de la Recherche en Santé du Québec (FRSQ) studentship to MC

    A Survey Study Examining Teachers’ Perceptions in Teaching Refugee and Immigrant Students

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    Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-06There is limited research around best practices in working with refugee and immigrant students. Since teachers spend the majority of the school day with students, their insights about how best to serve these populations of children and adolescents is critical. This dissertation study conducted an online survey study with 139 elementary school general education teachers in a large urban school district to examine teacher beliefs and attitudes about the following factors in meeting the needs of refugee and immigrant children: teachers’ perceived self-efficacy, attitudes toward implementing new and innovative practices, cultural competency, prior preparation and overall competency, and perceptions about the needs of refugee and immigrant students. Results indicate that overall, teachers feel confident, culturally competent, and are open to implementing practices to serve refugee and immigrant students; the majority of teachers reported that they didn’t think that refugee and immigrant students have unique needs, which conflicts with current research; only minority status was found to be a unique predictor of beliefs around student needs. Implications and future research are discussed

    Étude in vivo du rîle du domaine extracellulaire de la polycystine-1

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    Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothÚques de l'Université de Montréal

    “Det Ă€r det mest grundlĂ€ggande vi hĂ„ller pĂ„ med” : En kvalitativ studie om familjebehandlares erfarenheter av samspels-och anknytningsarbete

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    Begreppen anknytning och samspel Àr vÀletablerade inom den svenska socialtjÀnsten. De anvÀnds bÄde inom utredningssektorn och inom socialtjÀnstens öppenvÄrd för barn och familj. Under de senaste Ären har forskning rörande dessa begrepp samt metoder kopplade till anknytning och samspel ökat, dÀr forskarna Àr oense om hur bland annat socialarbetare i praktiken bör arbeta med detta. De flesta Àr dock överens om att det Àr nödvÀndigt att arbeta med dÄ dessa faktorer har en stor inverkan pÄ barns utveckling. Med grund i detta syftar vi till att undersöka socialarbetares erfarenheter av samspel- och anknytningsarbete inom familjebehandling. I denna studie har vi intervjuat socialarbetare vilka arbetar eller har arbetat inom socialtjÀnstens familjebehandling. För att fÄ en mer nyanserad bild av socialarbetarnas erfarenheter har resultaten frÀmst analyserats utifrÄn Lipskys grÀsrotsbyrÄkrati men Àven utifrÄn Bronfenbrenners systemteori. Vi har frÀmst fokuserat pÄ det spÀnningsfÀlt socialarbetare ofta befinner sig i dÀr de Ä ena sidan mÄste förhÄlla sig till organisatoriska riktlinjer och lagar och Ä andra sidan klienternas önskemÄl och behov. I resultatet har det framkommit att arbetet med samspel och anknytning ofta Àr beroende av ett organisatoriskt stöd vilka förser de professionella med riktlinjer för hur de i behandlingsarbetet bör tillÀmpa samspels- och anknytningsbaserade metoder. Vidare har det framkommit att flera av intervjupersonerna upplever en avsaknad av sÄdana riktlinjer Àven fast att de förvÀntas arbeta med det. Trots att arbetet med samspel och anknytning ofta Àr vÀldigt komplext och mÄnga gÄnger utmanande menar samtliga intervjupersoner att det Àr en viktig och grundlÀggande del av socialtjÀnstens arbete med familjebehandling

    “Det Ă€r det mest grundlĂ€ggande vi hĂ„ller pĂ„ med” : En kvalitativ studie om familjebehandlares erfarenheter av samspels-och anknytningsarbete

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    Begreppen anknytning och samspel Àr vÀletablerade inom den svenska socialtjÀnsten. De anvÀnds bÄde inom utredningssektorn och inom socialtjÀnstens öppenvÄrd för barn och familj. Under de senaste Ären har forskning rörande dessa begrepp samt metoder kopplade till anknytning och samspel ökat, dÀr forskarna Àr oense om hur bland annat socialarbetare i praktiken bör arbeta med detta. De flesta Àr dock överens om att det Àr nödvÀndigt att arbeta med dÄ dessa faktorer har en stor inverkan pÄ barns utveckling. Med grund i detta syftar vi till att undersöka socialarbetares erfarenheter av samspel- och anknytningsarbete inom familjebehandling. I denna studie har vi intervjuat socialarbetare vilka arbetar eller har arbetat inom socialtjÀnstens familjebehandling. För att fÄ en mer nyanserad bild av socialarbetarnas erfarenheter har resultaten frÀmst analyserats utifrÄn Lipskys grÀsrotsbyrÄkrati men Àven utifrÄn Bronfenbrenners systemteori. Vi har frÀmst fokuserat pÄ det spÀnningsfÀlt socialarbetare ofta befinner sig i dÀr de Ä ena sidan mÄste förhÄlla sig till organisatoriska riktlinjer och lagar och Ä andra sidan klienternas önskemÄl och behov. I resultatet har det framkommit att arbetet med samspel och anknytning ofta Àr beroende av ett organisatoriskt stöd vilka förser de professionella med riktlinjer för hur de i behandlingsarbetet bör tillÀmpa samspels- och anknytningsbaserade metoder. Vidare har det framkommit att flera av intervjupersonerna upplever en avsaknad av sÄdana riktlinjer Àven fast att de förvÀntas arbeta med det. Trots att arbetet med samspel och anknytning ofta Àr vÀldigt komplext och mÄnga gÄnger utmanande menar samtliga intervjupersoner att det Àr en viktig och grundlÀggande del av socialtjÀnstens arbete med familjebehandling
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