Perkutane biopsije bubrega u Općoj bolnici Karlovac između 2009. i 2020. - naši rezultati

We analyse data of 60 patients submitted to renal biopsy in General Hospital Karlovac between 2009 and 2020. The biopsies were performed percutaneously under ultrasound guidance. Biopsy material was analysed by nephropathologists either in Clinical Hospital Dubrava or in University Hospital Centre Zagreb using light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. Indications for biopsies were nephrotic syndrome in 26 (43.3%) patients, nephritic syndrome in 12 (20.0%) patients, unclear renal failure in 12 (20.0%) patients and suspect rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in 10 (16.7%) patients. Pathological diagnosis was made in 57 (95.0%) patients. The most common primary glomerulonephritis was IgA nephropathy diagnosed in 8 (13.3%) patients. Among secondary glomerular diseases, pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis was the most observed – in 12 patients (20.0%). The complications after the procedure were noticed in 5 (8.3%) patients (3 patients with perirenal bleeding and 2 patients with macroscopic haematuria). Microscopic haematuria was present in 20 (33.3%) patients. No complication required surgical treatment. Percutaneous renal biopsy under ultrasound guidance is a safe diagnostic procedure that can provide a definitive diagnosis as a requirement to introducing different (immunosuppressive) treatment.U radu su prikazani rezultati biopsija bubrega učinjenih u 60 bolesnika u Općoj bolnici Karlovac u razdoblju od 2009. do 2020. godine. Biopsije su izvršene perkutanim putom pod kontrolom ultrazvuka. Tkivo bubrega su analizirali nefropatolozi u KB Dubrava i KBC Zagreb pod svjetlosnim, imunofluorescentnim i elektronskim mikroskopom. Indikacija za biopsiju bio je nefrotski sindrom kod 26 (43,3%), nefritički sindrom kod 12 (20,0%), nejasno oštećenje bubrežne funkcije kod 12 (20,0%), odnosno, sumnja na brzoprogresivni glomerulonefritis u 10 (16,7%) bolesnika. Patohistološka dijagnoza je postavljena u 57 (95,0%) bioptirana bolesnika. Od primarnih glomerulskih bolesti kao najčešća je utvrđena IgA nefropatija i to kod 8 (13,3%) bolesnika. Od sekundarnih glomerulskih bolesti najčešći je pauci imuni glomerulonefritis – vaskulitis i to kod 12 (20,0%) bolesnika. Komplikacije nakon perkutane biopsije bubrega zabilježene su u 5 (8,3%) bolesnika i to kod 3 bolesnika perirenalni hematom, a kod 2 makrohematurija. Mikrohematurija iza zahvata zabilježena kod 20 (33,3%) bolesnika. Niti jedna komplikacija nije zahtijevala operativno zbrinjavanje. Perkutana biopsija bubrega pod ultrazvučnom kontrolom sigurna je dijagnostička metoda koja najčešće omogućuje postavljanje definitivne dijagnoze koja je uvjet za diferentno (imunosupresivno) liječenje

Kompozitni materijali proizvedeni od otpadnog papira

Tema ovog diplomskog rada je istražiti potencijalnu primjenu otpadnog papira kao ojačala u polimernom kompozitu. Motivacija za ovaj diplomski rad je rastuća potreba za građevinskim materijalima sa zadovoljavajućim toplinskim, tj. izolacijskim svojstvima, koji nemaju visoke proizvodne troškove, te koji nemaju štetan utjecaj na okoliš. Teoretski dio rada opisuje recikliranje materijala općenito, vrste kompozitnih materijala, glavne konstituente u polimernom kompozitu s otpadnim papirom kao ojačalom i ispitivanja koja su provedena na uzorcima. U drugom, eksperimentalnom dijelu prikazan je način izrade i ispitivanje svojstva kompozitnog materijala s polimernom matricom na bazi poli(vinil-acetata) i otpadnim novinskim papirom kao ojačalom. Utvrđena je niska gustoća, visoka tlačna čvrstoća i tlačni modul elastičnosti uz dobru žilavost, najviša klasa samogasivosti, visoka tvrdoća, niska toplinska vodljivost, nizak vlačni modul elastičnosti i niska vlačna čvrstoća. Potencijalna primjena ovakvog kompozitnog materijala u obliku ploča je u građevinskoj industriji kao unutarnja zidna obloga

Utjecaj percepcije atraktivnosti ekološki prihvatljive ambalaže na odluku o kupnji proizvoda

Ovaj završni rad bavi se ispitivanjem atraktivnosti ekološki prihvatljive ambalaže i njenom utjecaju na odluku o kupnji proizvoda. Budući da se današnji trendovi marketinga u velikoj mjeri fokusiraju na ekološku osviještenost, a sama ambalaža ima veliki utjecaj na zagađenje okoliša, eko ambalaža svojim dizajnom utjecajan je faktor kod odabira proizvoda; potiče kupca na razmišljanje o zbrinjavanju, ali i nekada nije najbolji odabir zbog percepcije manje atraktivnog izgleda. Zato se ispitivanjem i istraživanjem nastoji doći do odgovora na različita marketinška pitanja, a glavna su ima li eko ambalaža svoje mjesto u marketingu, te koliko to utječe na marketing. Također se istražuju percepcije kupaca, smatraju li proizvod u ekološki prihvatljivoj ambalaži kao dobar ili loš odabir na temelju atraktivnosti, te koji parametri imaju najveću ulogu kod njihove odluke o kupnji. Atraktivnost je subjektivan doživljaj koji ovisi o vlastitim vrednovanjima percipiranih vizualnih elemenata, ali i procjenama vrijednosti proizvoda. na globalnoj razini, čime se i Danas se nastoji povećati proizvodnja takve ambalaže na globalnoj razini, te se nastoji kroz različite medije podići svijest o atraktivnost eko ambalaže. Stoga je u ovom radu istraženo koje oblike, boje, materijale, dizajn, te ostale vizualne elemente ambalaže kupci najviše percipiraju, te koji elementi, na koji način i u kojoj mjeri utječu na njihov odabir proizvoda

Social networks in modern business

Tema ovog završnog rada je uloga društvenih mreža u suvremenom poslovanju. Kao literatura za obrađeni materijal korištene su web stranice i stručna literatura. Tema rada razrađena je kroz sedam glavnih poglavlja, zaključno sa zaključkom. Poglavlja su razrađena prema važnosti, počevši s uvodom koji općenito opisuje društvene mreže kao aktualan pojam današnjice, metode prikupljanja i analize podataka koji su bili potrebni za izradu završnog rada, cilj i hipotezu. Nadalje, obrađen je pojam Web 2. 0 i njegov utjecaj na suvremeno poslovanje, kako bih pobliže upoznala čitatelje s najnovijim tehnologijama koje čine samu srž društvenih mreža, ali i današnje informacijske tehnologije. Budući se u tom poglavlju spominje suvremeno poslovanje, koje predstavlja jednu od najbitnijih točaka ovog završnog rada, u narednom poglavlju razradila sam pojam suvremenog poslovanja, njegove karakteristike, društvene mreže kao glavne pokretače razvoja suvremenog poslovanja, odnos pojedinca unutar tvrtke i društvenih mreža, te privatne društvene mreže. Poglavlje koje dalje slijedi, logično se nadovezuje na poglavlje prije, a u njemu je navedeno šest najpopularnijih društvenih mreža (Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Google +, Pinterest i Tumblr), uključujući njihov nastanak, rast i razvoj, te u konačnici, registraciju. Zaokruženo s poglavljima prije, obradila sam centralno poglavlje završnog rada, a to je prijatelji na poslovnim mrežama – odnos zaposlenik – šef, u kojem se obrađuju teme poput društvenih mreža u poslovnom okruženju, kako navedene društvene mreže utječu na suvremeno poslovanje tvrtke, te metode i tehnike analize društvenih mreža. Zaključno sa svim obrađenim materijalom, pri kraju rada, navodim vlastiti zaključak i mišljenje o obrađenoj temi.The theme of this paper is the role of social networks in the modern business. Web sites and literature pertaining to the theme were used as references. The theme of this paper is developed through seven main chapters ending with a conclusion. Chapters are organized according to importance, starting with an introduction, which generally decsribes the social networks as a current term of today, methods of data collection and analysis that were required to produce the paper, the goal and the hypothesis. Furthermore, I processed the concept of Web 2. 0 and its impact on business, in order to more closely familiarize the readers with the latest technologies that make up the very core of social networks, but also today's informational techology. Because this chapter mentions contemporary business, which is one of the most important points of this thesis, in the next chapter I developed the concept of modern business, its features, social networks as the main drivers of the development of modern business, the relationship of individuals within the company and social networks, as well as private social networks. The chapter that follows logically builds on the chapter before, and it quotes the six most popular social networks (Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Google +, Pinterest and Tumblr), including their foundation, growth and development, and finally, their registration. Rounded with previous chapters, I dealt with the central section of the dissertation, friends on corporate networks – the employee – employer relationship, which covers topics such as social networks in the business enviroment, and also how social networks affect business companies, as well as methods and analysis techniques of social networks. Finally, with all the processed material, I stated my own conclusion and opinion on the treated matter

Social networks in modern business

Tema ovog završnog rada je uloga društvenih mreža u suvremenom poslovanju. Kao literatura za obrađeni materijal korištene su web stranice i stručna literatura. Tema rada razrađena je kroz sedam glavnih poglavlja, zaključno sa zaključkom. Poglavlja su razrađena prema važnosti, počevši s uvodom koji općenito opisuje društvene mreže kao aktualan pojam današnjice, metode prikupljanja i analize podataka koji su bili potrebni za izradu završnog rada, cilj i hipotezu. Nadalje, obrađen je pojam Web 2. 0 i njegov utjecaj na suvremeno poslovanje, kako bih pobliže upoznala čitatelje s najnovijim tehnologijama koje čine samu srž društvenih mreža, ali i današnje informacijske tehnologije. Budući se u tom poglavlju spominje suvremeno poslovanje, koje predstavlja jednu od najbitnijih točaka ovog završnog rada, u narednom poglavlju razradila sam pojam suvremenog poslovanja, njegove karakteristike, društvene mreže kao glavne pokretače razvoja suvremenog poslovanja, odnos pojedinca unutar tvrtke i društvenih mreža, te privatne društvene mreže. Poglavlje koje dalje slijedi, logično se nadovezuje na poglavlje prije, a u njemu je navedeno šest najpopularnijih društvenih mreža (Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Google +, Pinterest i Tumblr), uključujući njihov nastanak, rast i razvoj, te u konačnici, registraciju. Zaokruženo s poglavljima prije, obradila sam centralno poglavlje završnog rada, a to je prijatelji na poslovnim mrežama – odnos zaposlenik – šef, u kojem se obrađuju teme poput društvenih mreža u poslovnom okruženju, kako navedene društvene mreže utječu na suvremeno poslovanje tvrtke, te metode i tehnike analize društvenih mreža. Zaključno sa svim obrađenim materijalom, pri kraju rada, navodim vlastiti zaključak i mišljenje o obrađenoj temi.The theme of this paper is the role of social networks in the modern business. Web sites and literature pertaining to the theme were used as references. The theme of this paper is developed through seven main chapters ending with a conclusion. Chapters are organized according to importance, starting with an introduction, which generally decsribes the social networks as a current term of today, methods of data collection and analysis that were required to produce the paper, the goal and the hypothesis. Furthermore, I processed the concept of Web 2. 0 and its impact on business, in order to more closely familiarize the readers with the latest technologies that make up the very core of social networks, but also today's informational techology. Because this chapter mentions contemporary business, which is one of the most important points of this thesis, in the next chapter I developed the concept of modern business, its features, social networks as the main drivers of the development of modern business, the relationship of individuals within the company and social networks, as well as private social networks. The chapter that follows logically builds on the chapter before, and it quotes the six most popular social networks (Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Google +, Pinterest and Tumblr), including their foundation, growth and development, and finally, their registration. Rounded with previous chapters, I dealt with the central section of the dissertation, friends on corporate networks – the employee – employer relationship, which covers topics such as social networks in the business enviroment, and also how social networks affect business companies, as well as methods and analysis techniques of social networks. Finally, with all the processed material, I stated my own conclusion and opinion on the treated matter

Estudio de prefactibilidad para la instalación de una planta productora de gomas para el mercado de Lima Metropolitana

El presente estudio presenta los aspectos necesarios para demostrar la viabilidad de un proyecto. En cada capítulo, se hará un resumen de los resultados obtenidos sobre los cuales se demuestra la viabilidad económica, técnica, social y ambiental del proyecto. El proyecto consiste en la instalación de una planta productora de gomas empleando como materia prima únicamente patas de pollo. El mercado objetivo elegido es la población de Lima Metropolitana que reside en la Zona 7 (La Molina, San Borja, Surco, San Isidro y Miraflores), pertenece a los niveles socioeconómicos A y B entre los 18 y 55 años. Asimismo, se emplearon encuestas para determinar la intensidad e intención de compra, datos que permitieron definir la demanda del proyecto. El primer año la demanda será de 156,001 bolsas de Nature Gummies. Respecto al análisis de localización, la planta se ubica en el distrito de Puente piedra, en el departamento de Lima, dado que presenta ventajas relacionadas a la disponibilidad de materia prima, cercanía al mercado, costo del terreno y costo de transporte. En relación al tamaño de planta, este es de 364,445 bolsas de gomas encontrándose limitado por el tamaño de mercado. Es decir, los recursos y la tecnología son suficientes para llevar a cabo el proyecto. Se requiere una inversión total de S/. 2, 499,824 para hacer posible la operación del proyecto. Finalmente, el proyecto es rentable al obtenerse un VAN económico de S/. 2280,660 y un TIR económico de 84%, el cual es mayor al costo de oportunidad del 24.8%.This study presents the necessary aspects to demonstrate the viability of a project. In each chapter, there will be a summary of the results obtained on which the economic, technical, social and environmental viability of the project is demonstrated. They project consists on the installation of a gummy production plant using chicken feet as raw material. The chosen target market is the population of Metropolitan Lima that resides in Zone 7 (La Molina, San Borja, Surco, San Isidro and Miraflores), belongs to socioeconomic levels A and B between 18 and 55 years old. Likewise, surveys were used to determine the intensity and purchase intention, data that allowed defining the project's demand. The first year’s demand will be 156,001 bags of Nature Gummies. Regarding the location analysis, the plant is located in the Puente Piedra district, at the department of Lima, since it presents advantages related to the availability of raw material, proximity to the market, cost of the land and cost of transportation. In relation to the size of the plant, this is 558,378 bags of gummies being limited by the size of the market 364,445 bags of gummies. That is, the resources and technology are sufficient to carry out the project. A total investment of S /. 2,499,824 to make the operation of the project possible. Finally, the project is profitable by obtaining an economic NPV of S /. 2,280,660 and an economic IRR of 84%, which is higher than the opportunity cost of 24.8%

The Hungry Games

Environmental activist and culture critic, Wendell Berry states in “The Pleasures of Eating,” “When food, in the minds of eaters, is no longer associated with farming and with the land, the eaters are suffering a kinds of cultural amnesia that is misleading and dangerous” (Berry 2) The obesity epidemic, mass hunger, the invasion of overly-processed and GMO-contaminated foods are just a few of the frightful consequences of our society’s overall disconnect with the food system. With so many obvious shortcomings, how does one even begin to tackle the wicked problem of food? According to several culture critics, including Michael Pollan, the raising of awareness via the education of students is an excellent starting point (Pollan 2008). Following the vision of The Sprout Society—a Grand Valley State University student project proposed during the winter 2014 semester of LIB 322: Wicked Problems of Sustainability—our LIB 342: Food Matters class partnered with Black River Public Schools to create “The Hungry Games”—a nine day program that can be utilized by the school during their spring 2015 Project Term. The purpose of “The Hungry Games” is to develop food literacy and expose students to the corporate and industrial take-over of the food system. We have provided an overview of our research, design and collaborative process, a sample curriculum and an idea for the final project that instructors can use to develop, in students, the knowledge and tools to be active and critical consumers of food. “The Hungry Games” curriculum explores the following four themes: 1) Why should we care; 2) Where does our food come from; 3) Nutrition; and 4) Food Waste. Lastly, the program incorporates a variety of hands-on activities including a lesson on making green smoothies and a field trip to Holland’s Eighth Day Community Farm. Time proved to be a primary limiting factor in the development of this program. It is hoped that this program will prove successful enough for a second installment, so that these food issues can be further developed

Comparison of health-related quality of life in patients on long-term oxygen therapy and patients on chronic hemodialysis

Dugotrajno liječenje kisikom primjenjuje se kod bolesnika s kroničnom respiracijskom insuficijencijom. Najčešći uzrok kronične respiracijske insuficijencije je kronična opstruktivna plućna bolest (KOPB), čiji je tijek unatoč terapiji progresivan i dovodi do respiratorne invalidnosti, te smanjenja kvalitete života. SF-36 je generički upitnik za procjenu kvalitete života vezanu za zdravlje (KŽVZ), kojim je moguće uspoređivati kvalitetu života bolesnika s različitim bolestima. Cilj rada je bio upitnikom SF-36 usporediti KŽVZ dvije skupne bolesnika, koji koriste kroničnu nadomjesnu terapiju i to: bolesnika na dugotrajnom liječenju kisikom (DLO2) i bolesnika na kroničnoj hemodijalizi (KH). Kod bolesnika s KOPB na DLO2 ispitali smo povezanost pojedinih dimenzija SF-36 s parametrima plućne funkcije. U ispitivanje je uključen 51 bolesnik na DLO2 od kojih je njih 47 (92%) imalo dijagnozu KOPB. Kontrolna skupina su bila 52 bolesnika na KH. Rezultati su pokazali da su obje skupine bile podjednake po raspodjeli spola i duljini trajanja kronične nadomjesne terapije. Bolesnici na DLO2 bili su statistički značajno stariji i imali su statistički značajno nižu samo dimenziju fizičkog funkcioniranja u odnosu na skupinu bolesnika na KH (p < 0,001). Kod bolesnika s KOPB na DLO2, postbronhodilatatorni forsirani ekspiratorni volumen u prvoj sekundi i parcijalni tlak kisika arterijske krvi statistički su značajno pozitivno korelirali s dimenzijom fizičkog funkcioniranja (R + 0,469/p 0,002 i R + 0,301/p 0,039). Ograničena sposobnost fizičkog funkcioniranja u bolesnika koji provode DLO2 može se objasniti zaduhom, kao osnovnim simptomom plućnih bolesnika. Forsirani ekspiratorni volumen u prvoj sekundi i parcijalni tlak kisika arterijske krvi, parametri su koji odražavaju težinu plućne bolesti, pa je očekivana njihova korelacija s dimenzijom fizičkog funkcioniranja.Long-term oxygen therapy is used in patients with chronic respiratory failure. The most common cause of chronic respiratory failure is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The course of the disease is progressive despite therapy, and leads to espiratory disability and reduced quality of life. SF-36 is a generic questionnaire for the evaluation of the quality of life, and the parameters measured are not specific to the disease, so it is possible to compare the quality of life in patients with various diseases. The aim of the study was to compare the health related quality of life (HRQL) measured by SF-36 for two groups of patients who use chronic replacement therapy: patients on long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) and patients on chronic haemodialysis (CH). In patients with COPD on LTOT, we examined the association between the dimensions of SF-36 with parameters of pulmonary function. The study included 51 patients on LTOT, 47 (92%) of them had COPD diagnosis. The control group was 52 patients on CH. The results showed that both groups were comparable for sex distribution and duration of chronic replacement therapy. Patients on LTOTwere significantly older and had a significantly lower dimension of physical functioning in comparison with those in CH (p<0.001). In patients with COPD on LTOT postbronchodilatatory forced expiratory volume in one second and arterial oxygen tension significantly positively correlated with the dimension of physical functioning (R +0.469/p 0.002 and R +0.301/p 0.039). Limited ability of physical functioning in patients on LTOT can be explained by dyspnea as the core symptom of pulmonary patients. Forced expiratory volume in the first second and arterial oxygen tension reflect the severity of lung disease so their correlation with the dimension of physical functioning is expected