1,591 research outputs found
Managing urban areas for insect pollinators:As town and cities continue to grow how can land managers help insect pollinators in urban areas?
The Cauchy problem for a class of two-dimensional nonlocal nonlinear wave equations governing anti-plane shear motions in elastic materials
This paper is concerned with the analysis of the Cauchy problem of a general
class of two-dimensional nonlinear nonlocal wave equations governing anti-plane
shear motions in nonlocal elasticity. The nonlocal nature of the problem is
reflected by a convolution integral in the space variables. The Fourier
transform of the convolution kernel is nonnegative and satisfies a certain
growth condition at infinity. For initial data in Sobolev spaces,
conditions for global existence or finite time blow-up of the solutions of the
Cauchy problem are established.Comment: 15 pages. "Section 6 The Anisotropic Case" added and minor changes.
Accepted for publication in Nonlinearit
Close Packing of Atoms, Geometric Frustration and the Formation of Heterogeneous States in Crystals
To describe structural peculiarities in inhomogeneous media caused by the
tendency to the close packing of atoms a formalism based on the using of the
Riemann geometry methods (which were successfully applied lately to the
description of structures of quasicrystals and glasses) is developed. Basing on
this formalism we find in particular the criterion of stability of precipitates
of the Frank-Kasper phases in metallic systems. The nature of the ''rhenium
effect'' in W-Re alloys is discussed.Comment: 14 pages, RevTex, 2 PostScript figure
Bumblebees moving up: shifts in elevation ranges in the Pyrenees over 115 years
In a warming climate, species are expected to shift their geographical ranges to higher elevations and latitudes, and if interacting species shift at different rates, networks may be disrupted. To quantify the effects of ongoing climate change, repeating historical biodiversity surveys is necessary. In this study, we compare the distribution of a plant–pollinator community between two surveys 115 years apart (1889 and 2005–06), reporting distribution patterns and changes observed for bumblebee species and bumblebee-visited plants in the Gavarnie-Gèdre commune in the Pyrenees, located in southwest Europe at the French–Spanish border. The region has warmed significantly over this period, alongside shifts in agricultural land use and forest. The composition of the bumblebee community shows relative stability, but we observed clear shifts to higher elevations for bumblebees (averaging 129 m) and plants (229 m) and provide preliminary evidence that some bumblebee species shift with the plants they visit. We also observe that some species have been able to occupy the same climate range in both periods by shifting elevation range. The results suggest the need for long-term monitoring to determine the role and impact of the different drivers of global change, especially in montane habitats where the impacts of climate changes are anticipated to be more extreme
The effect of sampling effort and methodology on range size estimates of poorly-recorded species for IUCN Red List assessments
Geographic range size is the most commonly implemented criterion of species’ extinction risk used in IUCN Red List assessments, especially for poorly-recorded species. IUCN applies two contrasting range size measures to capture different facets of a species’ distribution: Extent of Occurrence (EOO; Criterion B1) is the area bounding all known occurrences and is a proxy for the spatial autocorrelation of risk, while the Area of Occupancy (AOO; Criterion B2) is the area occupied within this boundary and is related to population size at finer grains. Various methods have been proposed to measure both EOO and AOO. We evaluate the impact of applying four methods for each of Criterion B1 and of B2, as well as key parameter choices, on the Red List status of 227 poorly-recorded neotropical pteridophyte species. Between 2 and 100% of species would be considered threatened depending on methodology. The minimum convex polygon method of estimating EOO was relatively robust to sampling effort for all but the least-recorded species. The IUCN-recommended method for estimating AOO of summing occupied 2 × 2 km grid cells was very strongly correlated with the total number of records. It is likely that only a small fraction of species can be adequately assessed using this method, and we recommend caution applying the method to poorly-recorded species in particular, where models predicting occupancy in unsampled areas (e.g. species distribution models) may provide more accurate assessments. It is vital that methodological information is retained with assessments, and comparisons should only be made between assessments utilising equivalent methods
Interpreting 16S metagenomic data without clustering to achieve sub-OTU resolution
The standard approach to analyzing 16S tag sequence data, which relies on
clustering reads by sequence similarity into Operational Taxonomic Units
(OTUs), underexploits the accuracy of modern sequencing technology. We present
a clustering-free approach to multi-sample Illumina datasets that can identify
independent bacterial subpopulations regardless of the similarity of their 16S
tag sequences. Using published data from a longitudinal time-series study of
human tongue microbiota, we are able to resolve within standard 97% similarity
OTUs up to 20 distinct subpopulations, all ecologically distinct but with 16S
tags differing by as little as 1 nucleotide (99.2% similarity). A comparative
analysis of oral communities of two cohabiting individuals reveals that most
such subpopulations are shared between the two communities at 100% sequence
identity, and that dynamical similarity between subpopulations in one host is
strongly predictive of dynamical similarity between the same subpopulations in
the other host. Our method can also be applied to samples collected in
cross-sectional studies and can be used with the 454 sequencing platform. We
discuss how the sub-OTU resolution of our approach can provide new insight into
factors shaping community assembly.Comment: Updated to match the published version. 12 pages, 5 figures +
supplement. Significantly revised for clarity, references added, results not
change
2-{[2,8-Bis(trifluoroÂmethÂyl)quinolin-4-yl](hyÂdroxy)methÂyl}piperidin-1-ium 3-amino-5-nitroÂbenzoate sesquihydrate
The asymmetric unit of the title salt solvate, C17H17F6N2O+·C7H5N2O4
−·1.5H2O, comprises a piperidin-1-ium cation, a 3-amino-5-nitroÂbenzoate anion, and three fractionally occupied [i.e. 0.414 (3), 0.627 (6) and 0.459 (5)] disordered water molÂecules of solvation. The cation has an L shape with a C—C—C—C torsion angle of −102.9 (3)° for the atoms linking the quinolinyl group to the rest of the cation. In the anion, the carboxylÂate and nitro groups are essentially coplanar with the benzene ring [O—C—C—C torsion angle = 179.7 (2)° and O—N—C—C torsion angle = −3.9 (3)°]. In the crystal, extensive O—H⋯O, O—H⋯F and N—H⋯·O hydrogen bonding leads to the formation of a layer in the ab plane
(R*,S*)-(±)-1-(2-{[2,8-Bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl](hydroxy)methyl}piperidin-1-yl)ethanone methanol monosolvate
The title mefloquine derivative has been crystallized as its 1:1 methanol solvate, C19H18F6N2O2·CH3OH. Each of the methÂineÂhydroxyl residue [the C—C—C—O torsion angle is −16.35 (17) °] and the piperidinyl group [distorted chair conformation] lies to one side of the quinolinyl ring system. The hydroxyl and carbonyl groups lie to either side of the molÂecule, enabling their participation in interÂmolecular interÂactions. Thus, the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups of two centrosymmetrically related molÂecules are bridged by two methanol molÂecules via O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, leading to a four-molÂecule aggregate. These are linked into a supraÂmolecular chain along the a axis via C—H⋯O interÂactions involving the hydroxyl-O atom. The chains assemble into layers that interÂdigitate along the c axis being connected by C—H⋯F interÂactions
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Where is the UK's pollinator biodiversity? The importance of urban areas for flower-visiting insects
Insect pollinators provide a crucial ecosystem service, but are under threat. Urban areas could be important for pollinators, though their value relative to other habitats is poorly known. We compared pollinator communities using quantified flower-visitation networks in 36 sites (each 1 km2) in three landscapes: urban, farmland and nature reserves. Overall, flower-visitor abundance and species richness did not differ significantly between the three landscape types. Bee abundance did not differ between landscapes, but bee species richness was higher in urban areas than farmland. Hoverfly abundance was higher in farmland and nature reserves than urban sites, but species richness did not differ significantly. While urban pollinator assemblages were more homogeneous across space than those in farmland or nature reserves, there was no significant difference in the numbers of rarer species between the three landscapes. Network-level specialization was higher in farmland than urban sites. Relative to other habitats, urban visitors foraged from a greater number of plant species (higher generality) but also visited a lower proportion of available plant species (higher specialization), both possibly driven by higher urban plant richness. Urban areas are growing, and improving their value for pollinators should be part of any national strategy to conserve and restore pollinators
The closest elastic tensor of arbitrary symmetry to an elasticity tensor of lower symmetry
The closest tensors of higher symmetry classes are derived in explicit form
for a given elasticity tensor of arbitrary symmetry. The mathematical problem
is to minimize the elastic length or distance between the given tensor and the
closest elasticity tensor of the specified symmetry. Solutions are presented
for three distance functions, with particular attention to the Riemannian and
log-Euclidean distances. These yield solutions that are invariant under
inversion, i.e., the same whether elastic stiffness or compliance are
considered. The Frobenius distance function, which corresponds to common
notions of Euclidean length, is not invariant although it is simple to apply
using projection operators. A complete description of the Euclidean projection
method is presented. The three metrics are considered at a level of detail far
greater than heretofore, as we develop the general framework to best fit a
given set of moduli onto higher elastic symmetries. The procedures for finding
the closest elasticity tensor are illustrated by application to a set of 21
moduli with no underlying symmetry.Comment: 48 pages, 1 figur
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