Remarkable fly (Diptera) diversity in a patch of Costa Rican cloud forest : Why inventory is a vital science

Study of all flies (Diptera) collected for one year from a four-hectare (150 x 266 meter) patch of cloud forest at 1,600 meters above sea level at Zurqui de Moravia, San Jose Province, Costa Rica (hereafter referred to as Zurqui), revealed an astounding 4,332 species. This amounts to more than half the number of named species of flies for all of Central America. Specimens were collected with two Malaise traps running continuously and with a wide array of supplementary collecting methods for three days of each month. All morphospecies from all 73 families recorded were fully curated by technicians before submission to an international team of 59 taxonomic experts for identification. Overall, a Malaise trap on the forest edge captured 1,988 species or 51% of all collected dipteran taxa (other than of Phoridae, subsampled only from this and one other Malaise trap). A Malaise trap in the forest sampled 906 species. Of other sampling methods, the combination of four other Malaise traps and an intercept trap, aerial/hand collecting, 10 emergence traps, and four CDC light traps added the greatest number of species to our inventory. This complement of sampling methods was an effective combination for retrieving substantial numbers of species of Diptera. Comparison of select sampling methods (considering 3,487 species of non-phorid Diptera) provided further details regarding how many species were sampled by various methods. Comparison of species numbers from each of two permanent Malaise traps from Zurqui with those of single Malaise traps at each of Tapanti and Las Alturas, 40 and 180 km distant from Zurqui respectively, suggested significant species turnover. Comparison of the greater number of species collected in all traps from Zurqui did not markedly change the degree of similarity between the three sites, although the actual number of species shared did increase. Comparisons of the total number of named and unnamed species of Diptera from four hectares at Zurqui is equivalent to 51% of all flies named from Central America, greater than all the named fly fauna of Colombia, equivalent to 14% of named Neotropical species and equal to about 2.7% of all named Diptera worldwide. Clearly the number of species of Diptera in tropical regions has been severely underestimated and the actual number may surpass the number of species of Coleoptera. Various published extrapolations from limited data to estimate total numbers of species of larger taxonomic categories (e.g., Hexapoda, Arthropoda, Eukaryota, etc.) are highly questionable, and certainly will remain uncertain until we have more exhaustive surveys of all and diverse taxa (like Diptera) from multiple tropical sites. Morphological characterization of species in inventories provides identifications placed in the context of taxonomy, phylogeny, form, and ecology. DNA barcoding species is a valuable tool to estimate species numbers but used alone fails to provide a broader context for the species identified.Peer reviewe

Comprehensive inventory of true flies (Diptera) at a tropical site

Peer reviewe

Comprehensive inventory of true flies (Diptera) at a tropical site

Estimations of tropical insect diversity generally suffer from lack of known groups or faunas against which extrapolations can be made, and have seriously underestimated the diversity of some taxa. Here we report the intensive inventory of a four-hectare tropical cloud forest in Costa Rica for one year, which yielded 4332 species of Diptera, providing the first verifiable basis for diversity of a major group of insects at a single site in the tropics. In total 73 families were present, all of which were studied to the species level, providing potentially complete coverage of all families of the order likely to be present at the site. Even so, extrapolations based on our data indicate that with further sampling, the actual total for the site could be closer to 8000 species. Efforts to completely sample a site, although resource-intensive and time-consuming, are needed to better ground estimations of world biodiversity based on limited sampling

Coniceromyia sakaii Kung, 2009, new species

<i>Coniceromyia sakaii</i> new species <p>(Figs. 3, 9–10, 15, 17–18, 25; Morphbank images 477865, 477866, 477867)</p> <p> <b>Recognition.</b> This species is easily distinguished by the long, ventral setae on the wing, in addition to thickened costa and sinuous CuA1 wing vein. Foretarsomere 1 of <i>C. sakaii</i> lacks a basal seta and has a broad anteroapical process.</p> <p> <i>C. sakaii</i> keys to couplet 6 in the Kung & Brown key (2000a). This species differs from <i>C. hoggi</i>, <i>C. blomae</i> and <i>C. apicalis</i> by the lack of darkening of the wing membrane, and by the presence of long, ventral setae on the wing.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Body length 2.20–2.68 mm, mean 2.35 mm. Frons dark brown, subshiny. Frontal height 0.91–1.05 frontal width, mean frontal ratio 0.99. Flagellomere 1 orange, elongate pyriform. Palpus yellow. Scutum and scutellum yellow. Pleuron yellow. Anepisternal setae present. Legs yellow. Differentiated anterior to anterodorsal setae on foretibia present or absent. If present, 3–10 setae present, arranged in a straight or uneven row. Foretarsomere 1 with anterior excavation (Fig. 3). Excavation without basal seta, with broad, laterally flattened anteroapical process. Foretarsus tapering apically; in one specimen, tarsal ratio 3.00:1.80:1.60:1.50:2.00. Posterior face of hind femur with small, blunt peglike setae on basal two-fifths, arranged in a broad oval basally, and tapering apically along ventral margin (Figs. 9–10). Hind tibia with 2 dorsal to near-dorsal setae in basal half. Wing short, broad, with costa thickening apically, apex greater than twice thickness of basal half (Figs. 15, 17). Venter of wing membrane between veins M1 and A1+CuA2 covered in long, thin setae (Figs. 15, 17–18). Wing vein R2+3 entirely absent. Wing veins M1 and M2 relatively parallel. CuA1 sinuous, bent anteriorly near median. A1+CuA2 faintly present. Costal length 0.59–0.62 wing length, mean 0.61. Halter white. Abdominal tergite 1 yellow. Tergites 2–6 mostly yellow to light brown, laterally brown to dark brown. Venter of abdomen white. Left surstylus of genitalia broad (Fig. 25). Left hypandrial lobe greatly expanded apically, triangular.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Colombia.</p> <p> <b>Derivation of species name.</b> This species is named for my mentor and friend, Walter H. Sakai.</p> <p> <b>Holotype.</b> 3. COLOMBIA: Vichada, PNN El Tuparro, Cerro Tomas, 5.35°N, 67.85°W, 140 m, 21–31.i. 2001, W. Villalba, Malaise trap, CAP-1381 [LACM ENT 238756] (IAVH).</p> <p> <b>Paratypes.</b> COLOMBIA: Vichada, PNN El Tuparro, Bosque Sabana, 5.35°N, 67.85°W, 100 m, 43, 5– 14.i. 2001, W. Villalba, Malaise trap, CAP-1381; PNN El Tuparro, Cerro Tomas, 5.35°N, 67.85°W, 140 m, 21–31.i. 2001, W. Villalba, Malaise trap, CAP-1381; PNN El Tuparro, Rio Tomo, 5.35°N, 67.85°W, 250 m, 13, 1–12.v. 2001, I. Gil, Malaise trap, CAP-1797 (IAVH, LACM).</p>Published as part of <i>Kung, Giar-Ann, 2009, Four distinctive new Neotropical species of Coniceromyia Borgmeier (Diptera: Phoridae) with patterned-wings, pp. 49-58 in Zootaxa 2273</i> on pages 53-54, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/191032">10.5281/zenodo.191032</a&gt

Coniceromyia hoggi Kung, 2009, new species

<i>Coniceromyia hoggi</i> new species <p>(Figs. 2, 7–8, 14, 24; Morphbank images 477861, 477862, 477864)</p> <p> <b>Recognition.</b> <i>C. hoggi</i> is most easily recognized by its distinctive wing pattern, with the darkening at the apex of the radial cells, apical one-half of membrane anterior to M2, apical one-fifth of membrane between M2 and CuA1, and the presence of a lighter brown elongate macula between CuA1 and A1+CuA2.</p> <p> <i>C. hoggi</i> keys to couplet 6 in the key to patterned-wing species (Kung & Brown 2000a). Unlike <i>C. blomae</i> Peterson & Arntfield, the darkening of the wing of <i>C. hoggi</i> does extend to the apical margin and the darkening is much less extensive. Wing vein M1 is not thickened in <i>C. hoggi</i>, and veins M1 and M2 are not divergent in apical two-thirds, distinguishing this species from <i>C. apicalis</i> Kung & Brown, in addition to the different wing patterns.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Body length 2.56 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal height 1.17 frontal width. Flagellomere 1 brown, pyriform. Palpus light brown. Scutum, scutellum, and pleuron brown. Anepisternal setae present. Legs mostly yellow, except mid- and hind coxae light brown. Foretibia with 2 anterodorsal setae. Foretarsomere 1 anteriorly excavate, with long basal seta, and long, thin, setose anteroapical projection (Fig. 2). Foretarsus slender, with tarsomeres approximately twice as long as wide. Tarsal ratio 2.33:2.00:2.00:2.00:1.50. Posterior face of hind femur with narrow band of tiny, blunt posterior setae on basal half; setae arranged broadly basally, tapering apically (Figs. 7–8). Hind tibia with one long dorsal seta. Costa not thickened (Fig. 14). Wing vein R2+3 absent. Wing with extreme apex of costal cell and apical two-fifths of cell r1 darkened by pigment. Apical one-half of wing membrane between anterior margin and M2 darkened, apical one-fifth of membrane between M2 and CuA1 darkened. Wing veins M1 and M2 parallel in basal two-fifths, sinuous and divergent apically. CuA1 relatively straight. M2 and CuA1 more widely-spaced than M1 and M2; CuA1 and M2 parallel in basal two-thirds, M2 rounded anteriorly in apical one-half. Costa length 0.43 wing length. Halter white. Abdominal tergites dark brown, pruinose. Venter of abdomen brown. Left surstylus of genitalia broad, turned ventrally at apex (Fig. 24). Left hypandrial lobe with rounded pointed apex.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Costa Rica.</p> <p> <b>Derivation of species name.</b> This species is named posthumously for my mentor and friend, Norman D. Hogg.</p> <p> <b>Holotype.</b> 3. COSTA RICA: Limón, R.B. Hitoy Cerere, Sendero Espavel, 560m, 11.iii–1.iv.2003, B. Gamboa, E. Rojas, W. Arana, Malaise trap #9, L_S_401200_569800 #73475 [INB0003777857] (INBC).</p>Published as part of <i>Kung, Giar-Ann, 2009, Four distinctive new Neotropical species of Coniceromyia Borgmeier (Diptera: Phoridae) with patterned-wings, pp. 49-58 in Zootaxa 2273</i> on pages 51-52, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/191032">10.5281/zenodo.191032</a&gt

Coniceromyia browni Kung, 2009, new species

<i>Coniceromyia browni</i> new species <p>(Figs. 1, 5–6, 13, 23; Morphbank images 477856, 477857, 477860)</p> <p> <b>Recognition.</b> This species is most easily recognized by its laterally flattened forefemur and foretibia, anterior orange ring on basal two-thirds of forefemur, and distinctive setation of foretibia. <i>C. browni</i> is also distinguished by its minimal patterning of the wing, restricted to darkening of the membrane along M1 and M2, and sometimes along CuA1.</p> <p> This species keys to couplet 5 in the 2000 key to patterned-wing <i>Coniceromyia</i> males (Kung & Brown 2000a). Forelegs of <i>C. browni</i> are mostly dark brown, whereas forelegs of <i>C. aurantia</i> Kung & Brown are yellow. In addition, the basal orange macula on the anterior face of forefemur of the two species differ, with that of <i>C. browni</i> appearing as an orange ring encircling a dark central area, and the macula of <i>C. aurantia</i> lacking a darkened center, instead being solid orange. A small apical seta is present, as well as a complete posteroventral row of setae on foretibia of <i>C. browni</i>, whereas the posteroventral row of setae on foretibia of <i>C. aurantia</i> is present only in the apical half.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Body length 2.48–2.52 mm, mean 2.51 mm. Frons and flagellomere 1 dark brown. Frontal height 0.96–1.0 frontal width, mean frontal ratio 0.98. Flagellomere 1 pyriform. Palpus yellow. Scutum and scutellum light brown. Pleuron yellow. Anepisternal setae present. Forefemur thickening with narrow, flattened medial posterolateral face, while laterally flattened and broadened; dark brown, except for large, orange, oval macula on basal two-thirds of anterior face, in addition to small yellow posterobasal patch. Orange patch appears as orange ring, with center of ring covered in fine yellow setae and thicker, longer dark setae (refer to Morphbank image number 477856). Foretibia laterally flattened, dilated; with uneven posteroventral row of eight to nine long, thick setae and posterodorsal row of three long, thick setae. Posterior of foretibia brown, anterior dark brown. Tarsomere 1 of foreleg with long, narrow excavation along length of tarsomere 1 (Fig. 1). Excavation with small, short basal seta and setose, narrow anteroapical projection. Foretarsomeres slightly tapered apically. In one specimen, tarsal ratio 3.8:1.5:1.33:1.75:2.00. Mid- and hind legs yellow. Hind femur with tiny, blunt, posterior setae on basal one-half; setae arranged broadly basally, gradually tapering apically to a single row (Figs. 5–6). Hind tibia with two anterior to anterodorsal setae; one in basal two-fifths, one at apical one-fifth. Apical one-third of hind tibia broad, with orange posterodorsal setae. Costa not thickened (Fig. 13). Wing vein R2+3 entirely absent. Membrane along veins M1 and M2 darkened by pigment; CuA1 with or without pigment. Veins M1 and M2 diverge apically. Vein CuA1 slightly thinner than M1 and M2; CuA1 and M2 relatively parallel. Costa length 0.38–0.40 wing length; mean 0.39.</p> <p>Halter white. Abdominal tergites dark brown, tergites 2–5 lighter anteromedially. Venter of abdomen white. Left surstylus of genitalia broad, ventrally directed, rounded apically, with approximately 23 long setae (Fig. 23). Left hypandrial lobe tapered apically, to pointed apex.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Colombia.</p> <p> <b>Derivation of species name.</b> This species is named for my mentor and friend, Brian V. Brown.</p> <p> <b>Holotype.</b> 3. COLOMBIA: Amazonas, PNN Amacayacu, Matamata, 3.82°S, 70.26°W, 25.viii– 3.ix. 2000, 150 m, D. Chota, Malaise trap, CAP-2240 [LACM ENT 185128] (IAVH).</p> <p> <b>Paratypes.</b> COLOMBIA: Amazonas, PNN Amacayacu, Matamata, 3.68°S, 70.25°W, 13, 25.viii– 3.ix. 2001, 150 m, D. Chota, Malaise trap, CAP-2242; PNN Amacayacu, Matamata, 3.82°S, 70.26°W, 13, 15.x–5.xi.2001, A. Parente, Malaise trap, CAP-2762 (IAVH, LACM).</p>Published as part of <i>Kung, Giar-Ann, 2009, Four distinctive new Neotropical species of Coniceromyia Borgmeier (Diptera: Phoridae) with patterned-wings, pp. 49-58 in Zootaxa 2273</i> on pages 50-51, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/191032">10.5281/zenodo.191032</a&gt

Coniceromyia valdesi Kung, 2009, new species

<i>Coniceromyia valdesi</i> new species <p>(Figs. 4, 11–12, 16, 19–22, 26; Morphbank images 477868, 477869, 477870)</p> <p> <b>Recognition.</b> <i>C. valdesi</i> is most easily differentiated from other patterned-wing <i>Coniceromyia</i> by the break or weakening in wing vein M2. The oval arrangement of ventral setae and lack of darkened pigment on the wing further distinguish this species from others.</p> <p> <b>FIGURES 15–16.</b> Photographs, wings, dorsal view. <b>15.</b> <i>Coniceromyia sakaii</i> new species. <b>16.</b> <i>C. valdesi</i> new species. (Abbreviations: br=break or weakening of M2; ov=oval patch of setae.)</p> <p> <i>C. valdesi</i> keys near couplet 12 in the Kung & Brown key (2000a). The wing patterning of <i>C. valdesi</i> is not due to darkening of the membrane, but rather to short, dense setae arranged in an oval, and the break or weakening in vein M2. <i>C. valdesi</i> lacks three striae on the wing, differentiating it from <i>C. striativena</i> Borgmeier. The lack of darkening on the wing membrane between the anterior margin and M1 prevent the second lead in the couplet from being followed.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Body length 1.88–2.16 mm, mean 2.05 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal height 1.05–1.13 frontal width, mean frontal ratio 1.08. Flagellomere 1 brown, pyriform. Palpus light brown. Scutum, scutellum, and pleuron dark brown to brown. Anepisternal setae absent. Legs mostly brown, femora darker than tibiae and tarsi. Foretibia with 2 dorsal to anterodorsal setae. Foretarsomere 1 broadened apically, with anterior excavation, covered in short, dense, orange setae; with long, anterobasal seta, seta approximately three-quarters length of foretarsomere 1; with narrow anteroapical process (Fig. 4). Foretarsus tapered apically. Tarsomeres 2–4 of foreleg about as long as wide. In one specimen, tarsal ratio of foretarsus 2.17:1.00:1.00:1.00:1.00. Basal one-third of posterior face of hind femur with triangular, ventral group of <b>FIGURES 17–22.</b> Scanning electron micrographs, wings, low magnification and high magnification. <b>17–18.</b> <i>Coniceromyia sakaii</i> new species, ventral view. <b>19–20.</b> <i>C. valdesi</i> new species, dorsal view. <b>21–22.</b> <i>C. valdesi</i> new species, ventral view. (Abbreviations: br=break or weakening of M2; f=fold in wing membrane; ov=oval patch of setae; vs=ventral setae.)</p> <p>small, blunt peglike setae; arrangement of peglike setae tapered towards ventral margin (Figs. 11–12). Hind tibia with one dorsal seta in basal half. Costa slightly thickened (Fig. 16). Wing vein R2+3 entirely absent. Wing membrane with fold visible across vein M2; posterior to M2 basally, anterior to M2 apically (Figs. 19–20). Venter of wing membrane with elongate oval arrangement of short, dense setae posterior to M2 (Figs. 16, 21– 22). Wing veins M1 and M2 parallel basally, diverging apically, with M1 anteriorly directed at apex; M2 relatively straight. Apical two-fifths of vein M2 narrowed; M2 with small break or weakening at narrowing (Figs. 16, 21–22). CuA1 relatively straight, curved anteriorly at apex. Costa length 0.42–0.46 wing length, mean 0.44. Halter white. Abdominal tergites brown to dark brown. Venter of abdomen brown or gray. Left surstylus of genitalia broad, truncate (Fig. 26). Left hypandrial lobe dorsoapically directed, with large dorsal expansion.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Colombia.</p> <p> <b>Derivation of species name.</b> This species is named for my friend and colleague, Ángel Valdés.</p> <p> <b>Holotype.</b> 3. COLOMBIA: Putumayo, PNN La Paya, Cab. Viviano, 0.12°S, 74.93°W, 30.xi–15.xii. 2001, 320 m, E. Lozano, Malaise trap, CAP-2794 [LACM ENT 216018] (IAVH).</p> <p> <b>Paratypes.</b> COLOMBIA: Putumayo, PNN La Paya, Cab. Viviano, 0.12°S, 74.93°W, 43, 30.xi– 15.xii. 2001, 320 m, E. Lozano, Malaise trap, CAP-2794 (IAVH, LACM).</p>Published as part of <i>Kung, Giar-Ann, 2009, Four distinctive new Neotropical species of Coniceromyia Borgmeier (Diptera: Phoridae) with patterned-wings, pp. 49-58 in Zootaxa 2273</i> on pages 54-57, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/191032">10.5281/zenodo.191032</a&gt

Revision of the New World Dohrniphora Dahl species with hind tibial setae (Diptera: Phoridae)

The New World species of Dohrniphora with one or more large hind tibial setae are revised. Prior to our work, the known fauna consisted of 36 described species, including fi ve that are mostly known from specimens lacking hind tibial setae. Fifty-two new species are described, all from the Neotropical Region. Two names, D. anterosetalis Borgmeier & Prado and D. trudiae Disney, are both considered new synonyms of D. anteroventralis Borgmeier. The Dohrniphora species with hind tibial setae are not considered to be a monophyletic group, but some tentative monophyletic groups within this assemblage are proposed. In particular, a large group of small, yellow species is recognized as the probably monophyletic D. pyricornis group

Dohrniphora lafondaensis Brown & Kung 2010, sp. n.

<i>Dohrniphora lafondaensis</i> sp. n. <p>(Figs 19–20)</p> <p> Species recognition. This species is most similar to <i>D. sexspinosa</i>, from which it differs most obviously by the darker color, including brown halter and mostly brown abdominal tergites.</p> <p>Description. Body length: 2.84 mm. Head: Frons dark brown (lighter on margins), second row of setae slightly concave. Flagellomere 1 rounded-oval, brown. Palpus of normal size, orange. Thorax: Scutum brown. Scutellum dark brown, with setae broken (but sockets indicating 3 pairs of setae). Pleuron with anepisternum and proepisternum brown, rest of pleuron light brown. Costa 0.56 wing length. Halter brown. Legs yellowishbrown, except darker at apex of hind femur. Forecoxa in lateral view yellowish-brown. Foretibia with 4 dorsal setae. Foretarsomeres slender, elongate (presumably; missing from specimen). Midcoxa yellowish-brown. Hind coxa yellowish-brown. Hind coxal lobe yellow, elongate, narrow. Posterior face of hind femur with basal group of two closely adjacent peglike setae; at mid-depth with group of fine, thin setulae (Figs 19–20). Abdomen: Abdominal tergite 1 dark brown with lighter posterior seam, tergites 2–6 dark brown, with yellow anterior and posterior margins. Venter of abdomen whitish anteriorly to yellow posteriorly; laterally with dark gray maculae extending color pattern of tergites, with sparse setae.</p> <p>Distribution. Known from a single mid-elevation site in Costa Rica.</p> <p>Derivation of specific epithet. Named for the Restaurant La Fonda at the type locality.</p> <p>Holotype. ♂, COSTA RICA: San José: Zurquí de Moravia, 10.05°N, 84.02°W, iii.1996, P. Hanson, 1600 m, Malaise trap [LACM ENT 092152] (LACM).</p>Published as part of <i>Brown, Brian V. & Kung, Giar-Ann, 2010, 2699, pp. 1-142 in Zootaxa 2699</i> on page 1

Dohrniphora taura Brown & Kung 2010, sp. n.

<i>Dohrniphora taura</i> sp. n. <p>(Figs 13–14, 331–332)</p> <p> Species recognition. This species is most similar to <i>D. filaris</i>, <i>D</i>. <i>sinuicoxa</i>, and <i>D. berezovskiyi</i>, but differs from all by the two-pronged hypandrial process.</p> <p>Description. Body length: 1.88–2.63 mm. Head: Frons dark brown, second row of setae slightly concave. Flagellomere 1 rounded-oval, brown. Palpus of normal size, orange. Thorax: Scutum brown. Scutellum brown, with 2 pairs of setae; anterior seta three-quarters length of posterior seta. Pleuron brown. Mean costal length 0.5 wing length, range 0.49–0.51. Halter yellow. Legs yellowish-brown, except hind femur darker posterodorsally. Forecoxa in lateral view yellowish-brown. Foretibia with 4 dorsal setae. Foretarsomeres slender, elongate. Midcoxa dark brown. Hind coxa whitish-yellow. Hind coxal lobe yellow, only slightly developed. Posterior face of hind femur with narrow, freely-ending ventral process; near base of process with few ventrally-pointed, strongly curved setulae; more basally with toothlike process; near mid-depth with five ventrally-pointed setulae (Figs 13–14). Abdomen: Abdominal tergite 1 dark brown, tergites 2–6 dark brown. Venter of abdomen gray, with few longer setae on segment 5. Male terminalia dark brown, except cercus yellow; right lobe of hypandrium with bifurcate process (Figs 331–332).</p> <p>Distribution. Lowlands of Central American and northwestern South America.</p> <p> Derivation of specific epithet. Feminine version of the Latin <i>taurus</i> for bull, referring to the hornlike processes of the hypandrium.</p> <p>Holotype. ♂, COSTA RICA: Heredia: La Selva Biological Station, 23–26.v.1988, B.V. Brown, Malaise trap, SSO 50, 40m, primary forest [LACM ENT 095282] (LACM).</p> <p>Paratypes. COSTA RICA: Heredia: La Selva Biological Station, 4♂, 23–26.v.1988, B.V. Brown, Malaise trap, SSO 50, 40m, primary forest (LACM, MCZC, MUCR, USNM), 2♂, 1.xii.1993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/ 15/289 (INBC). PANAMA: Zone, Barro Colorado Island, 9.17°N, 79.83°W, 2♂, 17–24.vii.1996, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #6711 (MIUP).</p> <p>Other material examined. 205♂ specimens from the following localities: COLOMBIA: Cauca: PNN Gorgona; Chocó: PNN Utría; Valle de Cauca: PNN Farallones de Cali. COSTA RICA: Guanacaste: Estación Pitilla; Heredia: La Selva Biological Station; Puntarenas: 24 km W Piedras Blancas [= 24 km W Chacarita], 3 km SW Rincon, Sirena; San José: Braulio Carrillo NP. ECUADOR: Carchi: Chical. PANAMA: Canal Zone: Barro Colorado Island.</p>Published as part of <i>Brown, Brian V. & Kung, Giar-Ann, 2010, 2699, pp. 1-142 in Zootaxa 2699</i> on page 1