On Varieties of Ordered Automata

The Eilenberg correspondence relates varieties of regular languages to pseudovarieties of finite monoids. Various modifications of this correspondence have been found with more general classes of regular languages on one hand and classes of more complex algebraic structures on the other hand. It is also possible to consider classes of automata instead of algebraic structures as a natural counterpart of classes of languages. Here we deal with the correspondence relating positive $\mathcal C$-varieties of languages to positive $\mathcal C$-varieties of ordered automata and we present various specific instances of this correspondence. These bring certain well-known results from a new perspective and also some new observations. Moreover, complexity aspects of the membership problem are discussed both in the particular examples and in a general setting

Conduct and reporting of formula milk trials: systematic review

Objective To systematically review the conduct and reporting of formula trials. Design Systematic review. Data sources Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were searched from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2020. Review methods Intervention trials comparing at least two formula products in children less than three years of age were included, but not trials of human breast milk or fortifiers of breast milk. Data were extracted in duplicate and primary outcome data were synthesised for meta-analysis with a random effects model weighted by the inverse variance method. Risk of bias was evaluated with Cochrane risk of bias version 2.0, and risk of undermining breastfeeding was evaluated according to published consensus guidance. Primary outcomes of the trials included in the systematic review were identified from clinical trial registries, protocols, or trial publications. Results 22 201 titles were screened and 307 trials were identified that were published between 2006 and 2020, of which 73 (24%) trials in 13 197 children were prospectively registered. Another 111 unpublished but registered trials in 17 411 children were identified. Detailed analysis was undertaken for 125 trials (23 757 children) published since 2015. Seventeen (14%) of these recently published trials were conducted independently of formula companies, 26 (21%) were prospectively registered with a clear aim and primary outcome, and authors or sponsors shared prospective protocols for 11 (9%) trials. Risk of bias was low in five (4%) and high in 100 (80%) recently published trials, mainly because of inappropriate exclusions from analysis and selective reporting. For 68 recently published superiority trials, a pooled standardised mean difference of 0.51 (range −0.43 to 3.29) was calculated with an asymmetrical funnel plot (Egger’s test P<0.001), which reduced to 0.19 after correction for asymmetry. Primary outcomes were reported by authors as favourable in 86 (69%) trials, and 115 (92%) abstract conclusions were favourable. One of 38 (3%) trials in partially breastfed infants reported adequate support for breastfeeding and 14 of 87 (16%) trials in non-breastfed infants confirmed the decision not to breastfeed was firmly established before enrolment in the trial. Conclusions The results show that formula trials lack independence or transparency, and published outcomes are biased by selective reporting. Systematic review registration PROSPERO 2018 CRD42018091928

Electronic dielectric constants of insulators by the polarization method

We discuss a non-perturbative, technically straightforward, easy-to-use, and computationally affordable method, based on polarization theory, for the calculation of the electronic dielectric constant of insulating solids at the first principles level. We apply the method to GaAs, AlAs, InN, SiC, ZnO, GaN, AlN, BeO, LiF, PbTiO$_3$, and CaTiO$_3$. The predicted \einf's agree well with those given by Density Functional Perturbation Theory (the reference theoretical treatment), and they are generally within less than 10 % of experiment.Comment: RevTeX 4 pages, 2 ps figure

First-principles design and subsequent synthesis of a material to search for the permanent electric dipole moment of the electron

We describe the first-principles design and subsequent synthesis of a new material with the specific functionalities required for a solid-state-based search for the permanent electric dipole moment of the electron. We show computationally that perovskite-structure europium barium titanate should exhibit the required large and pressure-dependent ferroelectric polarization, local magnetic moments, and absence of magnetic ordering even at liquid helium temperature. Subsequent synthesis and characterization of Eu$_{0.5}$Ba$_{0.5}$TiO$_3$ ceramics confirm the predicted desirable properties.Comment: Nature Materials, in pres

Failure Analysis of Adhesively Bonded Structures: From Coupon Level Data to Structural Level Predictions and Verification

This paper presents a predictive methodology and verification through experiment for the analysis and failure of adhesively bonded, hat stiffened structures using coupon level input data. The hats were made of steel and carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite, respectively, and bonded to steel adherends. A critical strain energy release rate criterion was used to predict the failure loads of the structure. To account for significant geometrical changes observed in the structural level test, an adaptive virtual crack closure technique based on an updated local coordinate system at the crack tip was developed to calculate the strain energy release rates. Input data for critical strain energy release rates as a function of mode mixity was obtained by carrying out coupon level mixed mode fracture tests using the Fernlund–Spelt (FS) test fixture. The predicted loads at failure, along with strains at different locations, were compared with those measured from the structural level tests. The predictions were found to agree well with measurements for multiple replicates of adhesively bonded hat-stiffened structures made with steel hat/adhesive/steel and composite hat/adhesive/steel, thus validating the proposed methodology for failure prediction.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/42764/1/10704_2005_Article_0646.pd

International lower limb collaborative (INTELLECT) study: a multicentre, international retrospective audit of lower extremity open fractures

Trauma remains a major cause of mortality and disability across the world1, with a higher burden in developing nations2. Open lower extremity injuries are devastating events from a physical3, mental health4, and socioeconomic5 standpoint. The potential sequelae, including risk of chronic infection and amputation, can lead to delayed recovery and major disability6. This international study aimed to describe global disparities, timely intervention, guideline-directed care, and economic aspects of open lower limb injuries