Poštivanje djeĉjih prava u ranom djetinjstvu

Konvencija o pravima djeteta meĊunarodni je dokument koji detaljno opisuje prava djece koja drţave ĉlanice moraju poštivati i omogućiti svakom djetetu. Najĉešća podjela prava je na prava preţivljavanja, razvojna, zaštitna i prava sudjelovanja. Preko prava preţivljavanja djeca ostvaruju pravo na ţivot, razvoj, zdravstvenu zaštitu, odmor, san, kretanje. Razvojna prava omogućavaju optimalan razvoj i obrazovanje, igru, slobodno vrijeme, misli i izraţavanje. Zaštitna prava usmjerena su na zaštitu od zlostavljanja, a prava sudjelovanja podrazumijevaju aktivno sudjelovanje u ţivotu zajednice. Iako se smatra da je društvo danas dobro upoznato sa konceptom djeĉjih prava, ona se i dalje u velikoj mjeri krše. Krše se od strane obitelji, ali i od strane drţave. U obiteljima najĉešće je rijeĉ o nasilju, zlostavljanju, zanemarivanju, donošenju odluka umjesto djece te neodgovaranja na djeĉje emocionalne i tjelesne potrebe. Odgovornost drţave je osigurati obiteljima pomoć u vidu zapošljavanja roditelja, omogućiti financijsku stabilnost, uĉiniti dostupnima obrazovne i zdravstvene ustanove i usluge bez obzira na podruĉje rada, osigurati vrijeme plaćenog porodiljnog dopusta, roditeljske dopuste i bolovanja, osigurati besplatno školovanje, osnivati razne oblike podrške i potpore roditeljima u vidu obrazovanja i jaĉanja roditeljskih kompetencija. Opravdano je zakljuĉiti kako se u društvu neka prava poštuju u potpunosti, neka djelomiĉno, dok se neka ĉak i potpuno zanemaruju. Kvaliteta okruţenja u djetinjstvu presudna je kako bi se ostvarila dobrobit za dijete. Dobrobit djeteta njegovo je pravo, a društvo je duţno osigurati mu je u najboljoj mogućoj mjeri, bez ikakvih iznimki.The Convention on the Rights of the Child is an international document detailing the rights of children that member states must respect and enable each child. The most effective division of rights is the right to survival, development, protection and participation rights. Through the right of survival, children are entitled to life, development, health protection, rest, sleep and mobility. Development Rights enable optimal development and education, play, leisure, thought and expression. Development rights are protected from abuse and participation rights imply active participation in community life. Although it is considered that the society is well acquainted with the concept of child rights today, it is still largely concealed. It is concealed from the family, but also by the state. In families, it is most often about violence, abuse, neglect, decision-making instead of children, and non-compliance with children's emotional and physical needs. It is the responsibility of the state to provide families with the assistance of parenting, to impede financial stability, to make available educational and health facilities and services accessible to the workforce, to provide time for paid maternity leave, parental leave and sick leave, to provide free education, to establish various forms of support and support parenting to the education and strengthening of parenting competencies. It is reasonable to conclude that in a society some rights are fully, some partially respected, and even some are completely neglected. The quality of the environment in childhood is crucial in order to benefit the child. The child's right is his right, and the society is obliged to provide it to the best possible extent, without any exceptions

表紙

Konvencija o pravima djeteta meĊunarodni je dokument koji detaljno opisuje prava djece koja drţave ĉlanice moraju poštivati i omogućiti svakom djetetu. Najĉešća podjela prava je na prava preţivljavanja, razvojna, zaštitna i prava sudjelovanja. Preko prava preţivljavanja djeca ostvaruju pravo na ţivot, razvoj, zdravstvenu zaštitu, odmor, san, kretanje. Razvojna prava omogućavaju optimalan razvoj i obrazovanje, igru, slobodno vrijeme, misli i izraţavanje. Zaštitna prava usmjerena su na zaštitu od zlostavljanja, a prava sudjelovanja podrazumijevaju aktivno sudjelovanje u ţivotu zajednice. Iako se smatra da je društvo danas dobro upoznato sa konceptom djeĉjih prava, ona se i dalje u velikoj mjeri krše. Krše se od strane obitelji, ali i od strane drţave. U obiteljima najĉešće je rijeĉ o nasilju, zlostavljanju, zanemarivanju, donošenju odluka umjesto djece te neodgovaranja na djeĉje emocionalne i tjelesne potrebe. Odgovornost drţave je osigurati obiteljima pomoć u vidu zapošljavanja roditelja, omogućiti financijsku stabilnost, uĉiniti dostupnima obrazovne i zdravstvene ustanove i usluge bez obzira na podruĉje rada, osigurati vrijeme plaćenog porodiljnog dopusta, roditeljske dopuste i bolovanja, osigurati besplatno školovanje, osnivati razne oblike podrške i potpore roditeljima u vidu obrazovanja i jaĉanja roditeljskih kompetencija. Opravdano je zakljuĉiti kako se u društvu neka prava poštuju u potpunosti, neka djelomiĉno, dok se neka ĉak i potpuno zanemaruju. Kvaliteta okruţenja u djetinjstvu presudna je kako bi se ostvarila dobrobit za dijete. Dobrobit djeteta njegovo je pravo, a društvo je duţno osigurati mu je u najboljoj mogućoj mjeri, bez ikakvih iznimki.The Convention on the Rights of the Child is an international document detailing the rights of children that member states must respect and enable each child. The most effective division of rights is the right to survival, development, protection and participation rights. Through the right of survival, children are entitled to life, development, health protection, rest, sleep and mobility. Development Rights enable optimal development and education, play, leisure, thought and expression. Development rights are protected from abuse and participation rights imply active participation in community life. Although it is considered that the society is well acquainted with the concept of child rights today, it is still largely concealed. It is concealed from the family, but also by the state. In families, it is most often about violence, abuse, neglect, decision-making instead of children, and non-compliance with children's emotional and physical needs. It is the responsibility of the state to provide families with the assistance of parenting, to impede financial stability, to make available educational and health facilities and services accessible to the workforce, to provide time for paid maternity leave, parental leave and sick leave, to provide free education, to establish various forms of support and support parenting to the education and strengthening of parenting competencies. It is reasonable to conclude that in a society some rights are fully, some partially respected, and even some are completely neglected. The quality of the environment in childhood is crucial in order to benefit the child. The child's right is his right, and the society is obliged to provide it to the best possible extent, without any exceptions

Psychological stress in patients with atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a frequent dermatosis with a growing incidence and multifactorial and complex pathogenic mechanisms that are still being investigated. Although the connection between AD and psychological stress has been known for a long time, there is a lack of reliable and objective indicators for the characterization of this association. Psychological stress triggers complex immune pathways. Therefore, acute stress quickly triggers a high release of cortisol and adrenalin or noradrenalin which then stimulates the immune system, primarily T-helper type 1 (Th1 cells) to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in a cellular immune response and inflammation. On the other hand, chronic stress increases basal cortisol levels and decreases the capacity to mount an acute stress response, with the immune system shifting from a cellular response (which is active in acute stress) to a humoral response. Furthermore, skin keratinocytes contain receptors for neurotransmitters and hormones (muscarinic, adrenergic, glucocorticosteroid, androgenic, estrogenic), thus actively participating in psychoneuroimmunological pathways. The measurement of plasmatic cortisol has been used routinely, but in recent years, particularly in research, preference has been given to measurement of salivary cortisol. Reliable psychological tests are an important additional parameter for assessment of a patient’s psychological state. We hope that future studies will supplement our current knowledge on the influence of psychological stress in AD.</p

Značajke kože važne za pojavu kontaktnog dermatitisa u zdravstvenih djelatnika

The occurrence of skin lesions in healthcare workers is associated with a negative impact on important skin functions, including protection from mechanical injuries, sunlight, dehydration, and penetration of chemical substances or pathogenic microorganisms. In healthcare professionals, the most common occupational skin disease is contact dermatitis (CD), either irritant (ICD) or allergic (ACD), and typically on the hands. ICD accounts for about 80% of occupational CD, making it the most frequent cause. According to the literature, CD frequency is higher among healthcare professionals than other occupations, with critical occupational risk factors including contact with irritants and allergens at the workplace. Furthermore, ICD is a multifactorial disorder influenced by many constituent and environmental factors. Constituent factors include age, gender, body location, atopy, and genetic factors, while environmental factors include temperature, airflow, humidity, and occlusion. Commonly encountered irritants are water, detergents and surfactants, solvents, oxidizing agents, acids, and alkalis; however, use of protective gloves or equipment, hand-washing habits, use of cleansers and creams, active inflammatory skin diseases, and daily activities are also important for ICD onset. Additionally, ICD is known to predispose to ACD. Important risk factors for ACD development include occupation, age, history of atopic dermatitis, genetics, female gender, and fair skin phototype. In summary, numerous skin features and other occupation-related factors contribute to CD among healthcare practitioners. Given the high level of exposure to contact irritants/allergens in the healthcare setting, implementation of preventive measures is crucial for a safer work environment.Pojava kožnih promjena u zdravstvenih radnika povezana je s negativnim utjecajem rada na važne funkcije kože, uključujući zaštitu od mehaničkih ozljeda, sunčeve svjetlosti, dehidracije i prodora kemijskih tvari ili patogenih mikroorganizama. U zdravstvenih radnika najčešća profesionalna bolest kože je kontaktni dermatitis (CD), iritativni kontaktni dermatitis (ICD) i alergijski kontaktni dermatitis (ACD), koji se javljaju najčešće na šakama. Pritom ICD čini oko 80% profesionalnog CD-a, što ga čini njegovim najčešćim oblikom. Prema literaturi, učestalost CD-a veća je u zdravstvenih radnika nego kod ostalih zanimanja, gdje je kontakt s iritansima i alergenima na radnom mjestu ključni profesionalni čimbenik rizika. Nadalje, ICD je multifaktorski poremećaj na koji utječu mnogi konstitucijski i okolišni čimbenici. Konstitucijski čimbenici uključuju dob, spol, mjesto na tijelu, atopiju i genetske čimbenike, dok čimbenici okoliša uključuju temperaturu, protok zraka, vlažnost i okluziju. Iritansi koji se često susreću su voda, deterdženti i surfaktanti, otapala, oksidirajuće tvari, kiseline i lužine; međutim, upotreba zaštitnih rukavica ili opreme, navike pranja ruku, uporaba sredstava za čišćenje i kreme, aktivne upalne bolesti kože i svakodnevne aktivnosti također su važne za pojavu ICD-a. Uz to, poznato je da ICD predisponira osobu za pojavu ACD-a. Važni čimbenici rizika za razvoj ACD-a uključuju zanimanje, dob, anamnezu atopijskog dermatitisa, genetiku, ženski spol i fototip svijetle kože. Ukratko, brojne značajke kože i drugi čimbenici povezani sa zanimanjem doprinose nastanku CD-a u zdravstvenih djelatnika. S obzirom na visoku razinu izloženosti kontaktnim iritansima/alergenima u zdravstvu, provedba preventivnih mjera presudna je za sigurnije radno okruženje

Primjena inhibitora kinaza u liječenju bolesnika s uznapredovalim rakom štitnjače

Although most patients with thyroid cancer have a favorable clinical course, some patients develop a more aggressive type of cancer and exhibit more rapid disease progression with worse prognosis. Those patients usually exhibit mutations of proteins such as tyrosine kinase enzymes that play a significant role in regulation of tumor proliferation and spreading. Development of targeted therapies is based on the inhibition of mutated kinases which are involved in the MAPK signaling pathway. The aim of this study was to present the initial results of clinical experience with kinase inhibitors in patients with metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer (DT C), poorly differentiated thyroid cancer (PDT C), and medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) who exhibited rapid disease progression. A total of 17 adult patients (11 women, mean age 53.3 years) managed for progressive, metastatic disease were included in the study. Twelve patients with DT C and PDT C were previously tested for BRAF mutations, of whom nine that had tumor tissue negative for the BRAF V600E mutation received sorafenib, while three patients with tumors harboring the BRAF V600E mutation were treated with vemurafenib. Patients with MTC were treated with sunitinib, vandetanib, and sorafenib. Two patients with tumors harboring the BRAF mutation treated with vemurafenib showed restoration of radioiodine uptake. Most of patients showed significant improvement in disease status but of limited duration until disease progression. Although there was an improvement in progression-free survival, future research has to achieve a greater and longer-lasting response, probably by utilizing combined targeted therapy.Iako većina bolesnika s karcinomom štitnjače ima povoljan klinički tijek, ipak neki bolesnici pokazuju agresivniji tijek bolesti s razvojem uznapredovalih formi tumora i lošijom prognozom. Razlog su vjerojatno mutacije proteina, uglavnom enzima tirozin kinaza koji imaju značajnu ulogu u proliferaciji i rastu tumora. Razvoj ciljanih terapija zasnovan je na inhibiranju mutiranih kinaza BRAF, MEK, NRAS, c-KIT koje su uključene u signalni put MAPK. U radu su predstavljeni preliminarni rezultati liječenja inhibitorima kinaza u bolesnika s metastatskim diferenciranim karcinomom štitnjače (DT C), slabo diferenciranim karcinomom štitnjače (PDT C) i medularnim karcinomom štitnjače (MTC). U izvješće je uključeno ukupno 17 odraslih bolesnika (11 žena, prosječna dob 53,3 godine) liječenih zbog progresivne, metastatske bolesti. Dvanaest bolesnika s DT C i PDT C prethodno je testirano na BRAF mutacije. Devet bolesnika kod kojih je tumorsko tkivo bilo negativno na mutaciju BRAF V600E primali su sorafenib, dok su tri bolesnika s tumorima koji nose mutaciju BRAF V600E liječena vemurafenibom u cilju rediferencijacije tumora, a u dva bolesnika došlo je do ponovne akumulacije radiojoda na scintigramu tijela. Bolesnici s MTC-om liječeni su sunitinibom, vandetanibom i sorafenibom. U većine bolesnika došlo je do pozitivnog terapijskog odgovora uz poboljšanje stanja, ali ograničenog trajanja. Buduća istraživanja bi trebala osigurati bolji i trajniji terapijski odgovor, vjerojatno primjenom kombinirane ciljane terapije

Analiza skrbi stomatološkog osoblja i studenata o svojoj koži

Cilj: Željela se ustanoviti učestalost i lokalizacija nepoželjnih kožnih promjena povezanih s radom stomatološkog osoblja i studenata, te prikupiti podatke o dijagnostičkim postupcima i mjerama zaštite kože koje poduzimaju kada se one pojave. Ispitanici i metode: Naše istraživanje obuhvatilo je 444 ispitanika (stomatologa, dentalnih asistenata, zubnih tehničara, studenata stomatologije) koji su ispunili upitnik. Od svih je zatraženo da navedu jesu li uočili promjene na koži i gdje, jesu li se pritom podvrgnuli terapijskim postupcima i kojima, jesu li se alergološki testirali, te jesu li poduzimali ikakve zaštitne mjere. Rezultati: Od svih ispitanika koji su sudjelovali u istraživanju, 249 (56,1 %) primijetilo je nepoželjne reakcije na koži šaka i prstiju (96 %). Prije našeg ispitivanja samo je njih 15 % posjetilo dermatovenerologa, a 33 % podvrgnulo se alergološkim testovima (bez kliničkog pregleda kod dermatovenerologa). Oko 45 % ispitanika katkad se koristi sapunima za osjetljivu kožu, a većina (61 %) primjenjuje zaštitne kreme za ruke te ih upotrebljava jedan do dva puta na dan. Zaključak: Iako je velik broj stomatološkog osoblja i studenata primijetio kožne promjene povezane s poslom, samo su neki zatražili stručnu pomoć dermatovenerologa, a većina nije poduzela odgovarajuće zaštitne mjere kod njihove pojave. Zato je potrebno poduzeti dodatne mjere kako bi se kod svih njih ovećala svijest o profesionalnim dermatozama i odgovarajućoj njezi kože.Objectives: To determine prevalence of undesirable, work-related skin lesions and their localizations in dental professionals and students, and to collect data about diagnostic procedures they undergo and skin care they take when these lesions occur. Subjects and methods: Our research included 444 respondents (dentists, dental assistants, dental technicians, dental students) who filled out a questionnaire. They were asked to specify if they had observed any lesions on their skin and where; if they had undergone any treatments and in what way; if they had undergone any allergy tests; and if they had taken any protective measures. Results: Of all the respondents that took part in the survey, 249 (56.1%) reported undesirable skin reactions commonly on their hands and fingers (96%). Before our survey, only 15% of them had seen a dermatologist, while 33% had undergone allergy tests (without a dermatologists’ clinical examination). Also, 45% of them sometimes used soaps for sensitive skin and the majority (61%) of them used protective hand creams 1-2 times per day. Conclusion: Although a large number of dental professionals and students have noticed work-related skin lesions, only some of them sought dermatologists’ professional help and most of them did not take care of their skin adequately when those lesions occurred. According to the results of this study, it is necessary to take additional preventive measures to increase dental professionals’ and students’ awareness of occupational dermatoses and adequate skin care

Psychological stress in patients with atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a frequent dermatosis with a growing incidence and multifactorial and complex pathogenic mechanisms that are still being investigated. Although the connection between AD and psychological stress has been known for a long time, there is a lack of reliable and objective indicators for the characterization of this association. Psychological stress triggers complex immune pathways. Therefore, acute stress quickly triggers a high release of cortisol and adrenalin or noradrenalin which then stimulates the immune system, primarily T-helper type 1 (Th1 cells) to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in a cellular immune response and inflammation. On the other hand, chronic stress increases basal cortisol levels and decreases the capacity to mount an acute stress response, with the immune system shifting from a cellular response (which is active in acute stress) to a humoral response. Furthermore, skin keratinocytes contain receptors for neurotransmitters and hormones (muscarinic, adrenergic, glucocorticosteroid, androgenic, estrogenic), thus actively participating in psychoneuroimmunological pathways. The measurement of plasmatic cortisol has been used routinely, but in recent years, particularly in research, preference has been given to measurement of salivary cortisol. Reliable psychological tests are an important additional parameter for assessment of a patient’s psychological state. We hope that future studies will supplement our current knowledge on the influence of psychological stress in AD.</p

With food to health : proceedings of the 10th International scientific and professional conference

Proceedings contains 13 original scientific papers, 10 professional papers and 2 review papers which were presented at "10th International Scientific and Professional Conference WITH FOOD TO HEALTH", organised in following sections: Nutrition, Dietetics and diet therapy, Functional food and food supplemnents, Food safety, Food analysis, Production of safe food and food with added nutritional value

Developing predispositions for basketball practice in early childhood and preschool aged children

Košarka je jedinstven sport jer ju karakterizira taktika koja je prisutna više nego u bilo kojem drugom sportu. U ovom radu obuhvaćene su cjeline koje se odnose na rast i razvoj djece predškolske dobi, antropološka obilježja s objašnjenim antropometrijskim karakteristikama, funkcionalnim i motoričkim sposobnostima. Nadalje, predstavljena je košarka i njezina klasifikacija te su pojašnjene aerobne, anaerobne i motoričke sposobnosti košarkaša. Uvođenjem djece predškolskog uzrasta u sport nastupa razdoblje inicijacije, odnosno početno razdoblje treninga. Vrlo bitna uloga u radu s djecom je ona trenerska te su navedene karakteristike kompetentnih i nekompetentnih trenera. U radu su također prikazani motorički zadaci za uvođenje djece predškolske dobi u košarkašku igru, kao i uvjeti provođenja košarke s djecom predškolskog uzrasta te tematske cjeline, tehnički i taktički elementi. Objašnjena je mini košarka, njezina pravila i oprema potrebna za njezinu izvedbu. Na kraju rada priložen je primjer oglednog sata s djecom rane i predškolske dobi koji sadrži elemente košarke.Basketball is a unique sport because it is characterized by tactics that are present more than in any other sport. This thesis includes units related to the growth and development of preschool children, anthropological features with explained anthropometric characteristics, functional and motor abilities. Furthermore, basketball and its classification are presented and the aerobic, anaerobic and motor abilities of basketball players are explained. By introducing preschool children to sports begins the initial period of training. A very important role in working with children is coaching and the characteristics of competent and incompetent coaches are listed. This thesis also presents motor tasks for introducing preschool children to basketball, as well as the conditions for conducting basketball with preschool children, thematic units, tehnical and tactical elements. Mini basketball and its rules are explained and the equipment for its implementation is listed. At the end of this thesis, an example of a demonstration lesson with children of early and preschool age is included, which contains elements of basketball

Psoriasis in elderly patients

Sve je veći udio starije populacije u stanovništvu, a s obzirom na kroničnu prirodu bolesti i kontinuirani rast životnog vijeka, očekuje se i porast prevalencije psorijaze u starijoj životnoj dobi. Iako se kliničke manifestacije psorijaze ne razlikuju puno u bolesnika starije životne dobi u usporedbi s mlađim bolesnicima, ipak postoje određene promjene koje pri liječenju treba uzeti u obzir. Fiziološke promjene koje se prirodno javljaju procesom starenja uključuju progresivno oštećenje funkcije nekoliko organa te oslabljen imunološki sustav. Ovo životno razdoblje donosi više komorbiditeta, polifarmaciju i podložnost štetnom učinku lijekova. Sve nabrojeno izuzetno otežava odabir odgovarajuće terapije za bolesnike ove životne dobi te od liječnika zahtijeva ne samo da lijek koji odabere bude djelotvoran, nego i siguran za organizam te financijski dostupan. Također je važno napomenuti i činjenicu da postoji mali broj studija koje proučavaju djelovanje lijekova na ovu specifičnu populaciju pa prema tome ne postoje niti točno određene smjernice za liječenje kao što je slučaj kod mlađih bolesnika sa psorijazom. Kako bi pristup liječenju u ovoj populaciji bio najpovoljniji, potrebna su daljnja klinička istraživanja i razvoj specifičnih smjernica za liječenje u gerijatrijskoj populaciji.Proportion of geriatric population is growing every day and due to the chronic nature of the disease and continuing rise in life expectancy, the prevalence of psoriasis among elderly is also expected to rise. Although clinical manifestations of psoriasis do not differ much in elderly compared to younger patients, there are still certain changes that should be taken into account during management of psoriasis in elderly patients. Physiological changes occurring naturally in the aging process include progressive functional impairment of several organs and immunosenescence. This period of life brings more comorbidities, polypharmacy and possible adverse effects. In order to choose the right therapy for elderly, the doctor should prescribe not only effective drug but also safe and financially available. Studies on the elderly population with psoriasis are scarce and therefore there are no specific treatment guidelines as in the case of younger patients with psoriasis. Further clinical research and development of specific treatment guidelines in geriatric population are needed in order to optimize the therapeutic approach in this population