Solvability of iterative systems of three-point boundary value problems

We establish a criterion for the existence of at least one positive solution for the iterative system of three-point boundary value problems by determining the eigenvalues λi, 1 ≤ i ≤ n, using Guo–Krasnosel’skii fixed point theorem.Publisher's Versio

(f, g)-derivation of ordered Γ-semirings

In this paper, we introduce the concept of (f, g)-derivation, which is a generalization of f- derivation and derivation of ordered Γ-semiring and study some properties of (f, g)-derivation of ordered Γ-semirings. We prove that, if d is a (f, g)-derivation of an ordered integral Γ-semiring M then ker d is a m-k-ideal of M and we characterize m-k-ideal using (f, g)-derivation of ordered Γ-semiring M

Additional burden of asymptomatic and sub-patent malaria infections during low transmission season in forested tribal villages in Chhattisgarh, India.

BACKGROUND: The burden of sub-patent malaria is difficult to recognize in low endemic areas due to limitation of diagnostic tools, and techniques. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a molecular based technique, is one of the key methods for detection of low parasite density infections. The study objective was to assess the additional burden of asymptomatic and sub-patent malaria infection among tribal populations inhabiting three endemic villages in Keshkal sub-district, Chhattisgarh, India. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in March-June 2016, during the low transmission season, to measure and compare prevalence of malaria infection using three diagnostics: rapid diagnostic test, microscopy and nested-PCR. RESULTS: Out of 437 individuals enrolled in the study, 103 (23.6%) were malaria positive by PCR and/or microscopy of whom 89.3% were Plasmodium falciparum cases, 77.7% were afebrile and 35.9% had sub-patent infections. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial number of asymptomatic and sub-patent malaria infections were identified in the survey. Hence, strategies for identifying and reducing the hidden burden of asymptomatic and sub-patent infections should focus on forest rural tribal areas using more sensitive molecular diagnostic methods to curtail malaria transmission

Characterization and monitoring of deltamethrin-resistance in Anopheles culicifacies in the presence of a long-lasting insecticide-treated net intervention.

BACKGROUND: Deltamethrin-impregnated, long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) were distributed in the study area from November 2014 to January 2015 to evaluate their impact on malaria transmission in the presence of insecticide-resistant vectors. Studies were carried out in 16 selected clusters in Keshkal sub-district, Chhattisgarh State, India to monitor and characterize deltamethrin resistance in Anopheles culicifacies sensu lato. RESULTS: Deltamethrin susceptibility of An. culicifacies decreased in a post-LLIN survey compared to a pre-LLIN survey and was not significant (p > 0.05) while, the knockdown values showed significant increase (p < 0.05). Pre-exposure to piperonyl butoxide, triphenyl phosphate showed synergism against deltamethrin (p < 0.001). Biochemical assays showed significantly (p < 0.05) elevated monooxygenases in 3 of 5 clusters in post-LLIN survey-I that increased to 10 of 11 clusters in post-LLIN survey-II, while esterases were found significantly elevated in all clusters and both enzymes were involved in conferring pyrethroid resistance, not discounting the involvement of kdr (L1014L/S) gene that was heterozygous and at low frequency (4-5%). CONCLUSION: This field study, in a tribal district of India, after distribution of deltamethrin-impregnated LLINs showed decrease in deltamethrin susceptibility in An. culicifacies, a major vector of malaria in this study area and in India. Results indicated development of resistance as imminent with the increase in insecticide selection pressure. There is an urgent need to develop new vector control tools, with insecticide classes having novel mechanisms of resistance, to avoid or delay the onset of resistance. Regular insecticide resistance monitoring and mechanistic studies should be the priority for the malaria control programmes to suggest strategies for insecticide resistance management. The global commitment to eliminate malaria by 2030 needs various efforts that include development of combination vector control products and interventions and few are becoming available

Fuzzy (Soft) Quasi-Interior Ideals of Semirings

In this paper‎, ‎as a further generalization of fuzzy ideals‎, ‎we introduce the notion of a fuzzy (soft) quasi-interior ideals of semirings and characterize regular semiring in terms of fuzzy (soft) quasi-interior ideals of semirings‎. ‎We prove that $(\mu‎, ‎A)$ is a fuzzy soft left quasi-interior ideal‎ ‎over a regular semiring $M,$ if and only if $(\mu‎, ‎A)$ is a fuzzy soft quasi-ideal over a semiring $M,$‎ ‎and study some of the properties‎