Pharmacological Screening of Polyherbal Formulation for Diabetic Associated Hyperlipidemia

  Plant parts such as seeds, berries, roots, leaves, bark, or flowers can be used medicinally. This practise is known as herbal medicine, botanical medicine, or phytomedicine. Outside of mainstream treatment, herbalists have long used herbalism for conventional medicine. Grewia subinaequalisDC in the family Tiliaceae, only one genus, Grewia, yields edible fruit. Saccharum officinarum is a species of grass belonging to the genus Saccharum that is characterised by its robust growth and size. Neisosperma oppositifolium is a tree that typically exhibits a height range of 6 to 25 metres, although it has been observed to vary from as low as 2.5 metres to extraordinarily high heights of 45 metres, and in rare cases, even up to 60 metres. The presence of moisture in crude pharmaceuticals is an unavoidable factor that should be minimised to the greatest extent possible9,10. The process of drying significantly influences both the quality and purity of the material. &nbsp

Pre Operative Determination of Intramedullary Nail Size in Tibia and Femur by Anthropometric Measurements

INTRODUCTION: Intramedullary (IM) nails are the most commonly used method for stabilisation in the treatment of unstable acute tibia and femur fracture. The choice of the correct nail size is very important for acceptable outcomes. The intraoperative approaches include the two-guide wires technique, nail-against-limb performance and using a radiographic ruler. The preoperative radiological methods described are krammer splint technique, templating, scanograms, spotograms and Direct measurement from radiographs of the contralateral limb. The assessment of accurate size of preoperative nail has the prospective to decrease the intra-operative errors, operative time and radiation exposure. OBJECTIVES: To determine the correlation between anthropometric measurements and intramedullary nail size to avoid improper nail Selection in Femur and Tibia Fractures. METHODOLOGY: This study was done among the 100 Patients (in each group) undergoing nailing procedure for Tibial and femur diaphyseal fractures, admitted in Institute of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Madras Medical College, Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, Chennai-3. Patients were admitted and anthropometric measurements were obtained, Intramedullary nail size measured during operative procedure. Statistical analysis were done. RESULTS: Significant correlation between Femur intraoperative nail size and the variables were obtained with strength of correlation is maximum for Greater Trochanter to proximal pole of Patella, followed by Tip of Olecranon to tip of little finger and Greater Trochanter to lateral Knee joint line. Out of all these anthropometric parameters, Greater Trochanter to proximal pole of Patella predicts the nail size accurately. Significant correlation between Tibial intra operative nail size and the variables were obtained with strength of correlation is maximum for Tibial tuberosity to Medial Malleolus, followed by Tibial tuberosity to Ankle Joint Line, Medial Knee Joint Line to Ankle Joint Line, Medial Knee Joint Line to Medial Malleolus and Tip of Olecranon to fifth Meta carpal Head. Out of all these anthropometric parameters, Tibial tuberosity to Medial Malleolus predicts the size accurately. CONCLUSION: The Greater Trochanter to proximal pole of Patella and Tip of Olecranon to tip of little finger can be used in predicting the Femur intra operative nail size. Tibial tuberosity to Medial Malleolus and Tibial tuberosity to Ankle joint line can be used in predicting the Tibial intraoperative nail size. These anthropometric measurements are easy, fast and accurate method of preoperative planning for the prediction of intra operative nail size

A Comparative study of Bupivacaine and Ropivacaine in Spinal Anaesthesia in Children for Infraumblical Surgeries: A Study of 60 Cases

This is a randomized controlled study involving 60 cases of children of age between 7 and 12 years posted for elective infraumblical surgeries under spinal anaeshesia. They are allotted into two groups, Group R receiving 0.5% ropivacaine and Group B receiving 0.5% bupivcaine. The following parameters are noted in the study periods. The onset of sensory block, maximum height of sensory block, time taken to reach the maximum height of sensory block, two segment regression time, onset of motor block, mean duration of sensory & motor block and quality of block. The hemodynamic parameters noted are pulse rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, oxygen saturation with pulse oximeters. The use of atropine and vasopressors are noted. Any complications during the study are also noted. According to the study, there was significant delay in onset of sensory and motor block in ropivacaine group. There was earlier two segment regression time in ropivacaine group. There was earlier offset of sensory and motor block and time taken for micturition was earlier in ropivacaine group. The quality of block was adequate in both groups. The hemodynamic parameters were well maintained in both groups. Thus ropivacaine provides a good alternative to bupivacaine in case of short duration of surgeries. It is more suitable in cases of ambulatory surgeries where the patients meet the discharge criteria earlier and can be discharged from the hospital. CONCLUSION: Ropivacaine used for spinal anaesthesia in children has delayed onset of sensory and motor block. It also has faster offset of sensory and motor block with adequate quality of block compared to that of bupivacaine. It is concluded that Ropivacaine can be used as a good alternative to Bupivacaine in case of shorter duration of surgeries especially in ambulatory setup

Ectopic thoracic kidney in a child presenting with recurrent cough: a case report and review of literature

Ectopic thoracic kidney is a rare clinical entity in pediatric patients. It is usually an incidental finding on evaluation of patients with recurrent cough or mediastinal mass. Its clinical course is benign. We are presenting a case of right ectopic intrathoracic kidney diagnosed incidentally on contrast-enhanced computed tomography chest during evaluation of a child with recurrent cough.Keywords: mediastinal mass, recurrent cough, thoracic kidne

Stability indicating RP-HPLC method for the estimation of flucloxacillin sodium in a tablet dosage form

A Simple, accurate and precise method was developed and validated for the determination of flucloxacillin sodium in its tablet dosage form. The separation was eluted on xterra c18 column (4.6x150mm, 5micron) using a mixture of octane buffer and methanol as mobile phase in a ratio of (30:70) which was pumped through column at a flow rate of  1ml/min. Optimised wavelength for flucloxacillin was 237nm, the retention time was 2.305minutes and the percentage purity was found to be 98.14%. System suitability parameters such as theoretical plate and tailing factor for flucloxacillin sodium was found to be 2991.64 and 1.90 respectively, the proposed method was validated as per ICH guidelines (ICH, Q2 AND (R1)) the method was found to be linear at the concentration range of 20-100µg/ml and the correlation coefficient (r2) value was found to be 0.9994 percentage RSD for precision was 0.9% and percentage RSD for ruggedness was 0.5%. The precision study was precise, robust and repeatable. The LOD and LOQ values are 2.98 and 9.98 respectively. Hence the suggested RP-HPLC method can be used for routine analysis for flucloxacillin sodium in tablet dosage form

Potential of Some Fungal and Bacterial Species in Bioremediation of Heavy Metals

Microorganisms including fungi and bacteria have been reported to extract heavy metals from wastewater through bioaccumulation and biosorption. An attempt was, therefore, made to isolate bacteria and fungi from sites contaminated with heavy metals for higher tolerance and removal from wastewater. Bacterial and fungal isolates were obtained from the samples collected from Karnal, Ambala and Yamunanagar districts of Haryana using enrichment culture technique. Bacterial and fungal isolates with tolerant up to 100 ppm concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr) were tested for their removal from liquid media containing 50 ppm concentration of Pb, Cd and Cr each. Five fungi (Penicillium chrysogenum, Aspegillus nidulans, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus arrhizus, Trichoderma viride) were also included in this study. Fungi Aspergillus nidulans, Rhizopus arrhizus and Trichoderma viride showed maximum uptake capacity of 25.67 mg/g for Pb, 13.15 mg/g for Cd and 2.55 mg/g of Cr, respectively. The maximum uptake capacity of tolerant bacterial isolates - BPb12 and BPb16, BCd5 and BCr14 were observed to be ~ 45 mg/g for Pb, 2.12 mg/g for Cd and 3.29 mg/g for Cr, respectively. This indicated the potential of these identified fungi and bacteria as biosorbent for removal of high concentration metals from wastewater and industrial effluents

Determination of precise crystallographic directions for mask alignment in wet bulk micromachining for MEMS

In wet bulk micromachining, the etching characteristics are orientation dependent. As a result, prolonged etching of mask openings of any geometric shape on both Si{100} and Si{110} wafers results in a structure defined by the slowest etching planes. In order to fabricate microstructures with high dimensional accuracy, it is vital to align the mask edges along the crystal directions comprising of these slowest etching planes. Thus, precise alignment of mask edges is important in micro/nano fabrication. As a result, the determination of accurate crystal directions is of utmost importance and is in fact the first step to ensure dimensionally accurate microstructures for improved performance. In this review article, we have presented a comprehensive analysis of different techniques to precisely determine the crystallographic directions. We have covered various techniques proposed in the span of more than two decades to determine the crystallographic directions on both Si{100} and Si{110} wafers. Apart from a detailed discussion of each technique along with their design and implementation, we have provided a critical analysis of the associated constraints, benefits and shortcomings. We have also summed up the critical aspects of each technique and presented in a tabular format for easy reference for readers. This review article comprises of an exhaustive discussion and is a handy reference for researchers who are new in the field of wet anisotropic etching or who want to get abreast with the techniques of determination of crystal directions

Interlinking of River: Issues and Challenges

Climate change events cause erratic spatial and temporal variability in rainfall, temperature, humidity, etc. in long term, and are most severely affecting irrigation, domestic and industrial water supply. At the same time, water availability is also under pressure due to climate change and overexploitation of water resources. In a monsoonal climate that is already erratic and highly seasonal in nature, this increased variability due to climate change will further impact water availability and salt water intrusion. To overcome such problems, one of the most effective ways is interlinking of rivers. It is the interbasin water transfer from the water surplus rivers to water deficit rivers or regions. It will increase water supply, irrigation potential, mitigate floods, and droughts and reduce regional imbalance in the availability of water. Interlinking of rivers will reduce regional imbalances significantly and provide benefits by the way of additional irrigation potential, domestic and industrial water supply, hydropower generation, and transport facilities

Models for crop parameters due to normal load of tractor and number of passes

Multiple passage of power machinery system particularly heavy machines with high wheel loads creates sub-soil compaction which results into increasing in soil bulk density & penetration resistance and reduction in water infiltration, crop germination, growth as well as yield. This study was conducted to determine the different crop growth and crop yield models could be developed to predict growth as well as yield of crop considering normal load and number of passes of tractor. A 36-plot experiment consisting of 12 treatments with three replications were set up using a randomized block design in a uniform field of Division of Agricultural Engineering, IARI, New Delhi during the period of 2007-08. Prediction models were developed between compaction parameters (normal loads and number of passes) and crop parameters like (a) plant height, (b) number of plants per meter, and (c) yield. In, other models a relation between crop yield and sub-soil bulk density and penetration resistance were established and their sensitivity analysis was done for developed models. The best fit model for plant height and number of plants per meter row was quadratic. However, the best fit model between yield vs soil bulk density and yield vs penetration resistance was exponential and quadratic, respectively. The developed model is not more sensitive for number of plants per meter row and yield vs soil bulk density. However, model was more sensitive to plant height model and yield vs soil penetration resistance is more sensitive

Effect of Herbal Mycotoxin Binders in Amelioration of Induced Mycotoxicosis in White Leghorn Laying Hens

Efficacy of herbal mycotoxin binders in ameliorating induced mycotoxicosis was evaluated in white leghorn laying hens. Birds were randomly divided into six groups containing 15 birds in each group. Group I was served as control fed with basal diet, group II birds were fed with aflatoxins and ochratoxin A at 100 ppb each. Group III, IV, V and VI birds were fed with aflatoxins and ochratoxin A at 100ppb each and herbal mycotoxin binders Vilocym®, Toxiroak®,Vilocym-Z® in feed at 1 kg/tonne and AV/LBP/20® at 1 ml/litre in drinking water respectively for 10 weeks. The cultured rice and wheat samples were screened for presence of mycotoxins by LC-MS/MS method. Aflatoxins concentration in cultured rice sample was 826 ppb. Ochratoxin A concentration in cultured wheat sample was 8990 ppb. The hematological parametes viz., Hb, TEC, PCV showed signmificant decreased level in (Group II, III, IV, V and VI) compared to their respective control group. Similarly biochemical parameters viz., aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase showed significantly decreased level in treatred groups (Group II, III, IV, V and VI) compared to their respective control group. Serum albumin and serum total protein level significantly decreased in treatred groups (Group II, III, IV, V and VI) compared to their respective control group(Group I). Histopathology of Group II birds revealed toxic effects on liver and kidney. Supplementation of herbal mycotoxin binders in mycotoxicated feed showed improvement in all the parameters indicating that herbal mycotoxin binders reduce the severity of toxicity.Keywords: White leghorn laying hens Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus ochraceous Aflatoxins & ochratoxin A Herbal mycotoxin binder