A pre-emptive multiple queue based congestion control for different traffic classes in WSN

Traffic in wireless sensor networks (WSN) exhibits a many-to-one pattern in which multiple source nodes send sensing data to a single sink node. Since bandwidth, processor and memory are highly constrained in WSN, packet loss is common when a great deal of traffic rushes to sink. The system must provide differentiated service to individual traffic classes. In this paper, a pre-emptive multiple queue based congestion control mechanism is proposed. To detect congestion and to provide QoS for high priority traffic multiple buffers are used. Using this mechanism, high system utilization, reduced packet waiting time, and reduced packet drop probability are achieved. An analytical model is developed to predict the performance of the proposed mechanism by calculating the performance measures including system throughput, drop probability of packets, and mean queue length. By comparing analytical and simulation results the effectiveness and accuracy of the model is demonstrated. Markovian process is used to develop the analytical model and ns-2 for evaluating the performance of the mechanism

Evaluation of serum copper and iron levels among oral submucous fibrosis patients

Objective: To estimate and compare the levels of serum copper and iron among subjects with oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) of different clinical stages and healthy controls. Study Design: Study sample comprised of 50 patients clinically diagnosed with OSMF and 50 healthy controls who were matched for age and gender. OSMF patients were categorised by clinical staging. Serum estimation of copper and iron was done using atomic absorbtion spectrophotometry. Results: Mean copper and iron level differed significantly (p<0.000) between the patients and controls with patients exhibiting higher copper (134.1±20.16) and lower iron (114.78±23.47) levels in contrast to controls who presented lower copper (114.8±12.36) and higher iron (130.86±31.01) levels in serum. There was a definite trend as (P<0.0001) with cases having the lesion in faucial bands (1st stage) exhibiting the lowest serum copper and those in stage 3 (faucial, labial and buccal bands) presenting the highest copper levels in serum. Conclusions: Copper level increased and iron level decreased in study group in comparison to healthy controls. Copper level increased as clinical stage of oral submucous fibrosis increased. © Medicina Oral S. L

Rapid Detection of Ricin by Sensitising Carboxylated Latex Particles by Ricin Antibodies

Ricin is a highly toxic glycoprotein of Ricinus communis seeds. The toxin was purified and antisera was raised against ricin in rabbit. Polyclonal antibodies were covalently coupled througha water soluble carbodiimide to carboxylated latex particles in various concentrations (800 pg to 3200 pg proteid0.5 ml). Maximum antibodies binding was obtained at 2400 pg to 3200 pgproteid0.5 ml of 2 per cent (wtlvol) latex particles with a sensitivity of 200 pg toxin per test (9 pglml). The sensitivity of latex agglutination test increased as amount of protein bound tothe latex particles increased. The optimum sensitivity of test was recorded when latex particles were sensitised with 2800 pg proteid0.5 ml of latex particles. The reagents were stable for one year without loss of its sensitivity. Developed latex agglutination test is rapid, sensitive, and also does not require trained personnel and costly equipment

Parametric vis-a-vis non parametric measures describing G x E interactions for salt salinity tolerant barley genotypes in multi-environment trials

GxE interaction to know adaptability of 19 salt salinity tolerant barley genotypes was studied by parametric and non-parametric measures. Genotypes KB1516, RD2907 and RD2794 showed minimum environmental variance over different environments. Superiority index identified genotypes RD2907 and NDB1445 with lowest value accompanied with higher. Wricke’s measure exhibited lower values of DWRB168,&nbsp; DWRB165 and NDB1445. Higher values of GAI showed consistent performance of RD2907, NDB1445 and RD2552. Non-parametric measures Si(1), Si(3) and Si(6) the considered DWRB165 and DWRB168&nbsp; as desirable genotypes. Thennarasu’s first measure NPi(1) found DWRB168 and NDB1445 as desirable adaptable and KB1546, RD2907 and NDB1173 were unstable genotypes. Wricke’s parameter was positively correlated with NPi(1), NPi(3) and Kang. GAI had significant positive with Pi and Kang while negative with Si(6), NPi(2) &amp; NPi(4). Worth to mention the negative association of&nbsp; Pi with Si(6), NPi(2), NPi(4). Non parametric measures Si (3) Si (6) NPi (2) &amp; NPi (4) clubbed together while Kang, Wi 2, s2i ,Si (1),Si (2) ,NPi (1) &amp; NPi (3)&nbsp; joined in another cluster.&nbsp; Left over parametric measures were grouped in two separate clusters i.e. (bi, S2xi ,CVi),(Yield, GAI Pi) respectively.&nbsp; Biplot analysis based on first two principal components showed three groups among the measures

Synthesis of single crystalline (NH4)2V6O16·1.5H2O nest-like structures

Novel nest-like (NH4)2V6O16·1.5H2O structures made of nanobelts have been synthesized by a facile hydrothermal approach. The powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the sample reveals the monoclinic crystalline phase of (NH4)2V6O16·1.5H2O. The scanning electron microscopy images of the sample obtained at 130 °C for 3 days exhibit nest-like morphology. The transmission electron microscopy result reveals that the nanobelts have a smooth surface. The selected area electron diffraction pattern of the nanobelts indicates single crystalline nature. The two major weight losses occur in thermogravimetric analysis which correspond to the removal of water and ammonia molecules. Further, calcination of the (NH4)2V6O16·1.5H2O product results in the formation of orthorhombic phase of shcherbianite V2O5

Development of a Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Detection of Burkholderia mallei, a Potent Biological Warfare Agent

Burkholderia mallei is the etiological agent of glanders, primarily a disease of equines. B. mallei is closely related to B. pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis. Therefore, detection of B. mallei and its differentiation from B. pseudomallei, has always been troublesome. In present investigation, a B. mallei specific DNA sequence was identified by performing BLASTn search using ~3000 ORFs of B. mallei NCTC 10229. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay with internal amplification control (IAC) was developed for detection of B. mallei and its differentiation from B. pseudomallei. The PCR assay could amplify a specific 224-bp fragment from all the six B. mallei strains used in the study, whereas other closely related organisms were tested negative. The detection limit of the assay was found to be 10 pg of purified DNA of B. mallei. Incorporation of IAC in the assay makes the results reliable as false negative results which may arise due to presence of PCR inhibitors, can be avoided. For validation, the assay was tested on tap water, Bengal gram and grass artificially spiked with B. mallei. The developed assay can be used as a simple and rapid tool for detection of B. mallei

Optimized congestion aware energy efficient traffic load balancing scheme for routing in wireless sensor networks

Load imbalance among hot spot nodes causes network congestion and earliest energy depletion of nodes in wireless sensor networks. This increases the probability of disconnecting or partitioning the network and premature death of entire network. The inefficiency in the WSN is more attributed to load imbalance or unbiased traffic. In this paper, an optimized congestion aware (OCAEE-LB) energy efficient traffic load balancing scheme for routing in WSN is proposed. The scheme utilizes the neglected information during route discovery process and considers a composite routing metric to determine congested status of a node and to enforce the traffic load balancing. The proposed scheme is simulated using ns-2 and the results demonstrate that the proposed mechanism performs better than the existing AODV-LB algorithm of various performance metrics such as, packet delivery ratio, throughput, routing overhead, end-to-end delay, load distribution and energy consumption

Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction and yield stability index for genotype by environment analysis and wider adaptability in Barley

Genotype by environment interaction distorts genetic analysis, changes relative ranking of genotypes and a major obstruction for varietal release. AMMI model is a quick and relevant tool to judge environmental behaviour and genotypic stability in comparison to ANOVA, multiplicative model and linear regressions. We evaluated 19 barley genotypes grown at 08 diverse locations to identify discriminating environments and ideal genotypes with dynamic stability. In AMMI ANOVA, the locations and genotype by environment interaction exhibited 66% and 14.7% of the total variation. The initial first two principal components showed significant interaction with 36.0 and 28.4% variation, respectively. AMMI1 biplot showed that the environments Bawal, Ludhiana and Durgapura were high yielding with high IPCA1 scores and located far away from the biplot origin. However, in AMMI1and AMMI2 biplots the locations Hisar, Ludhiana, Karnal, Bathinda and Modipuram were found suitable with low IPCA2 scores. Yield stability index (YSI) was highly useful with ASV ranks and the genotypes DWRB150 and BH1013 and checks BH902, DWRUB52 and DWRB101 were selected for high grain yield and wider adaptability across the locations

A New Class of Inhomogeneous String Cosmological Models in General Relativity

A new class of solutions of Einstein field equations has been investigated for inhomogeneous cylindrically symmetric space-time with string source. To get the deterministic solution, it has been assumed that the expansion ($\theta$) in the model is proportional to the eigen value $\sigma^{1}_{1}$ of the shear tensor $\sigma^{i}_{j}$. Certain physical and geometric properties of the models are also discussed.Comment: 12 pages, no figure. Submitted to Astrophys. Space Sci. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:0705.090

Double exchange model on triangular lattice: non-coplanar spin configuration and phase transition near quarter filling

Unconventional anomalous Hall effect in frustrated pyrochlore oxides is originated from spin chirality of non-coplanar localized spins, which can also be induced by the competition between ferromagnetic (FM) double exchange interaction $J_{H}$ and antiferromagnetic superexchange interaction $J_{AF}$. Here truncated polynomial expansion method and Monte Carlo simulation are adopted to investigate the above model on two-dimensional triangular lattice. We discuss the influence of the range of FM-type spin-spin correlation and strong electron-spin correlation on the truncation error of spin-spin correlation near quarter filling. Two peaks of the probability distribution of spin-spin correlation in non-coplanar spin configuration clearly show that non-coplanar spin configuration is an intermediate phase between FM and 120-degree spin phase. Near quarter filling, there is a phase transition from FM into non-coplanar and further into 120-degree spin phase when $J_{AF}$ continually increases. Finally the effect of temperature on magnetic structure is discussed.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figure