First record of the occurrence of Pleurotus species on new hosts in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

Mushrooms have wide geographical distribution, with greatest commercial importance, both in temperate areas and tropical regions of the world. The agarics mycota of tropical eco-regions of Bengaluru, Karnataka was surveyed in different seasons from 2019 to 2020 for collection and identification of fungal samples. Detailed macroscopic and microscopic study of fungal samples was identified as Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quél. P. ostreatus (Jack.) P. Kumm. P. populinus O. Hilber & O. K. Mill. For the first time, P. pulmonarius (Fr.) Quél was causing stem decay in Mangifera indica L. was reported from India. New host record of P. populinus O. Hilber & O. K. Mill on Spathodea campanulata was reported from India. Three species of Pleurotus was reported for the first time from the study area of Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

DEVELOPMENT OF ROPINIROLE (FREE BASE) TRANSDERMAL PATCH US ING BLENDS OF HYDROXYPROPYL METHYLCELLULOSE/EUDRAGITS AND IT’ S IN VITRO/ IN VIVO CHARACTERIZATION

The objective of this study was toprepare and evaluate a matrix type transdermal patch ofropinirole using blends ofhydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and EudragitRL 100 and HPMC and Eudragit ERS100. Materialsand Methods: Ropinirole free based used as the drugentity was prepared from its hydrochloride salt.Suitability of the polymers in the form of drug-excipientcompatability was determined prior to formulationdevelopment using FTIR. Patches were developed usingsolvent evaporation technique. Limonene was used asa penetration enhancer. Moisture absorption,moisture content and mechanical properties, drugcontent, in vitro drug release, drug-excipient compatibility,in vitro skin permeation were the in vitro parametersmeasured. Short-term stability, skin irritation andin vivo drug release were measured with oneoptimized formulation. Results and discussion:Ropinirole free base was used successfully in thepreparation of the patches. FTIR studies indicated nointeraction between the drug and the polymers of thisstudy. Formulations developed were strong and notbrittle with uniform drug release. Patches containinghigher HPMC generally showed higher drug releaseand permeation. Drug release and permeation decreasedwith increase in the concentrations of Eudragits. Drugrelease studies indicated Higuchi model for all thepatches with a diffusion mechanism of non-fickian type.Short-term stability studies indicated that ropinirolewas stable in the patches. Patches did not cause any skinirritation. In vivo the optimized patch sustained drugrelease for 24 hours upon one time administration.Conclusion: Clinically viable ropinirole transdermalpatch can be successfully prepared from its base formusing HPMC/Eudragits

A Prospective and Retrospective Analysis of Functional Outcome of Proximal Humeral Fractures Treated with Proximal Humerus Internal Locking Osteosynthesis System.(PHILOS)

INTRODUCTION: Fractures of proximal humerus account for about 4 to 5% of all fractures. It is the third most common fracture after hip fracture and colles fracture in elderly patients. As the technology has advanced, the elderly people no longer need to be denied effective surgical treatment. AIM OF THE STUDY: In this study we have analyzed 20 cases of proximal humeral fractures treated surgically using PHILOS plates admitted at Institute of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Rajiv Gandhi Govt General Hospital, Madras Medical College, Chennai from June 2012 to September 2014. The aim of the study was to analyze the functional and radiological outcome and to assess the complications of proximal humeral fractures treated using PHILOS plates. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients with proximal humerus fractures, who are skeletally mature and age more than 18 years satisfying Neer's criteria for operative displacement i.e. displacement of >1 cm between the major fracture fragments or angulation of the articular surface of >45 degrees and Neer's two, three and four part fractures were included in the study. Patients with open fractures, pathological fractures, with associated neurovascular injury and associated head injury were not included. All patients were evaluated with standard anteroposterior radiographs of the affected shoulder and most of them were further evaluated with Neer's three view trauma X rays. CT Scan and 3D CT were taken if needed. Radiological evaluation of the fractures was done and were classified according to Neer's four part classification system. 12 patients (60%) had two part fractures, 7 (35%) had 3 part fractures and 1(5%) had four part fractures. Fracture dislocations were present in 2 patients. The patients were operated by the standard anterior deltopectoral approach or deltoid splitting approach using PHILOS plates. All the patients were reviewed at two weeks interval, for first three months and later every month. During follow up, patients were clinically evaluated for pain and function. The minimum follow-up period was 3 months and maximum follow up period was 8 months. Radiological evaluation of fracture union was observed by serial x rays. RESULTS AND OBSERVATION: Majority of injured patients were females (60%) and the highest number of patients were in their 5th decade (35%). Free fall at ground level was the most common mode of injury (50%) but one patient had post-epileptic fall causing the fracture. No case with bilateral fractures was reported. Neer's 2 part fracture is the most common type in 60% patients. Greater Tuberosity fractures were the predominant type in 2 part fracture. 4 part fractures accounted for only 5% of patients. Fracture dislocation were present in 2(10%) of patients. Early complications like wound gaping, skin necrosis and deltoid atony were encountered. Late complications like malunion of greater tuberosity and joint stiffness were encountered. Constant and Murle y's score was used to assess the functional outcome of our patients. The average constant score in our study with 20 patients was 82.4. CONCLUSION: Finally we concluded that displaced proximal humeral fractures when treated surgically produce greater range of movements (ROM), less pain and less stiffness. Functional outcome is better with isolated fractures than with fracture dislocations. Functional outcome of 2 part fractures is better than 3 part and 4 part fractures. Radiological outcome assessed by means of quality of reduction and union of fracture in two and three part fractures is better than in four part fractures

METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF ULTRAVIOLET-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPIC METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF HEPATITIS-C DRUGS - DACLATASVIR AND SOFOSBUVIR IN ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT FORM

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of the present work is to develop a simple, efficient, and reproducible spectrophotometric method for the quantitativeestimation of hepatitis-C drugs - Daclatasvir and Sofosbuvir in its active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) form.Methods: The developed ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for the quantitative estimation of hepatitis-C drugs - Daclatasvir and Sofosbuvir isbased on measurement of absorption at a wavelength maximum (λmax) of 317 and 261 nm using methanol as solvent.Results: The method was validated in terms of specificity, precision, linearity, accuracy, and robustness as per the ICH guidelines. The method wasfound to be linear in the range of 50-150% for Daclatasvir and in the range of 43-143% for Sofosbuvir. The percentage recovery values were in therange of 99.4-100.6% for Daclatasvir and in the range of 99.7-100.6% for Sofosbuvir at different concentration levels. Relative standard deviation forprecision and intermediate precision results were found to be <2%. The correlation coefficient value observed for Daclatasvir and Sofosbuvir drugsubstances was not <0.99, 0.99, respectively. Results obtained from the validation experiments prove that the developed method is quantified for theestimation of Daclatasvir and Sofosbuvir drug substances.Conclusion: The developed method can be successfully applied for routine analysis, quality control analysis, and also suitable for stability analysis ofDaclatasvir and Sofosbuvir in API form as per the regulatory requirements.Keywords: Daclatasvir, Sofosbuvir, Method development, Validation, Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry

STABILITY INDICATING REVERSE PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF LABETALOL AND ITS DEGRADATION PRODUCTS IN TABLET DOSAGE FORMS

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of the present work is to develop a simple, efficient, and reproducible stability indicating reverse phase high-performanceliquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination labetalol and its degradation products in tablet dosage forms.Methods: The chromatographic separation of labetalol and its degradation products in tablets was carried out on Zorbax Eclipse Plus C-18(100 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 µm) column using 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (v/v) in 1000 ml of water and 0.1% TFA (v/v) in 1000 ml of acetonitrile:Methanol (1:1) by linear gradient program. Flow rate was 1.0 mL min with a column temperature of 35°C, and detection wavelength was carried outat 230 nm. Known impurity is well resolved from the main active drug within 14 minutes run time.−1Results: The forced degradation studies were performed on labetalol tablets under acidic, basic, oxidation, thermal, humidity, and photolyticconditions. No degradation products were observed from the forced degradation studies, and the known impurity is well resolved from the mainactive drug. The method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), accuracy, precision, androbustness as per the ICH guidelines. The method was found to be linear in the range of LOQ to 120% for all the known and unknown impurities.The LOD and LOQ values of known impurity were found between 0.3593 and 0.7187 µg mL, and the percentage recovery values were in the rangeof 95.5-105.2% at different concentration levels. Relative standard deviation for precision and intermediate precision results were found to be <5%.The correlation coefficient found for all compounds was not <0.99. The results obtained from the validation experiments prove that the developedmethod is a stability indicating method.−1Conclusion: The developed method can be successfully applied for routine analysis, quality control analysis and also suitable for stability analysis ofthe simultaneous determination of labetalol and its degradation products in tablet dosage forms as per the regulatory requirements.Keywords: Labetalol, Development, Validation, Reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography

EVALUATION OF GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN AND ELECTROLYTE STATUS IN DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS

Background: The present study was conducted to evaluate glycosylated hemoglobin and electrolyte status in Diabetic ketoacidosis subjects compared with controlled type II diabetes mellitus. Methods: Totally 100 subjects were included in this study (75 known DKA subjects and 25 controlled type II Diabetes Mellitus subjects). 5ml of venous blood samples are collected from subjects, Biochemical parameters performed Fasting blood sugar, Post prandial blood sugar by Glucose oxidase and peroxidase method, Glycosylated hemoglobin by Ion exchange High performance liquid chromatography, serum electrolytes levels are estimated by Ion selective electrode method. Results: The serum levels of FBS, PPBS, HbA1c levels are high in DKA compared with controlled Type II DM. the serum levels of sodium are significantly decreased in DKA compared with controlled Type II DM. The serum levels of potassium and chloride are high in DKA compared with controlled Type II DM. Conclusion: We concluded that electrolyte imbalance is high in DKA due to hyperglycemic hyper-osmolality and insulin deficiency frequently leads to electrolyte imbalance. HbA1c, FBS, PPBS levels are elevated in DKA due to uncontrolled hyperglycemia.KEYWORDS: Peroxidase method; Fasting blood sugar; HbA1c; Glycosylated hemoglobin

EVALUATION OF GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN AND ELECTROLYTE STATUS IN DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS

Background: The present study was conducted to evaluate glycosylated hemoglobin and electrolyte status in Diabetic ketoacidosis subjects compared with controlled type II diabetes mellitus. Methods: Totally 100 subjects were included in this study (75 known DKA subjects and 25 controlled type II Diabetes Mellitus subjects). 5ml of venous blood samples are collected from subjects, Biochemical parameters performed Fasting blood sugar, Post prandial blood sugar by Glucose oxidase and peroxidase method, Glycosylated hemoglobin by Ion exchange High performance liquid chromatography, serum electrolytes levels are estimated by Ion selective electrode method. Results: The serum levels of FBS, PPBS, HbA1c levels are high in DKA compared with controlled Type II DM. the serum levels of sodium are significantly decreased in DKA compared with controlled Type II DM. The serum levels of potassium and chloride are high in DKA compared with controlled Type II DM. Conclusion: We concluded that electrolyte imbalance is high in DKA due to hyperglycemic hyper-osmolality and insulin deficiency frequently leads to electrolyte imbalance. HbA1c, FBS, PPBS levels are elevated in DKA due to uncontrolled hyperglycemia.KEYWORDS: Peroxidase method; Fasting blood sugar; HbA1c; Glycosylated hemoglobin