Invitro Susceptibility Test of Candida spp. Isolates From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Suspected Patients to Antifungal Agents in Jakarta

Pulmonary infection is still a major health concern in Indonesia, and fungal infection is emerging. This may be related to widely used broad spectrum antibiotics, steroids, oral contraceptive, cytostatic, and chronic diseases.The aim of this study was to describe Candidaspp sensitivity pattern to various antifungal agents from pulmonary tuberculosis suspected patients. In this study, we used 176 sputum samples from tuberculosis suspected patients. The samples were cultured 3 times in Sabouraud dextrose agar. Yeast was identified by API 20 C AUX, while antifungal susceptibility test used ATB FUNGUS 3. There were 85 samples infected by yeast. As many as 74 isolates were identified as C. albicans (87.1%), 9 isolates were C. tropicalis (10.6%) and 2 were C. dubliniensis (2.4%). The susceptibility test showed six isolates of C. albicans and one isolate of C. tropicalis were intermediate against itraconazole. Only three isolates of C. albicans were resistant against itrazonazole, fluconazole, and voriconazole. Fortunately, they were still sensitive to amphotericine B and flucytosine. Almost half of tuberculosis suspected patients were infected by Candida spp. Most of them were still sensitive to various antifungal agents, although few C. albicans isolates were resistant against fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole

Motility Indole Urease as an Alternative Diagnostic Method for Identifying Helicobacter Pylori Infection

Background: The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in the world is quite high, especially in developing countries. Usually the patient shows no specific symptoms and chronic gastritis therefore becomes chronically infected. The complication of the infection is the development of peptic ulcer, which is a predisposing factor for gastric carcinoma. Early diagnosis is an important step to avoid these complications by providing immediate accurate therapy. Methods: In this study, the CLO, MIU (Motility Indole Urease) tests and culture were conducted on 131 biopsy samples of the stomach antrum mucous tissue taken from chronic dyspepsia patients from several hospitals in Jakarta. In the CLO test, biopsy tissue was put in a small well agar to be incubated at room temperature. In the MIU test the biopsy tissue sample was submerged in the small MIU tube agar with a depth of approximately 2/3 rds from the surface, and then incubated at room temperature. Another piece of biopsy tissue was cultured micro-aerophylically. The CLO and MIU tests are considered positive if the color changes from yellow to red, and are considered negative if there is no color change within 24 hours. Results: Compared to culture, the CLO test demonstrated 38% sensitivity, 96% specificity, 94% positive predictive value and 52% negative predictive value, whereas the Results of the MIU test aga inst culture method showed 76% sensitivity, 89% specificity, 88% positive predictive value, and 78% negative predictive value. Conclusion: The MIU test that showed high sensitivity and specificity, and thus could be further developed as an alternative diagnostic method for H. pylori infection

Pengaruh Pelapisan Kitosan dan Suhu Penyimpanan terhadap Karakter Fisik Buah Sawo (Manilkara Achras (Mill.) Fosberg) Selama Pematangan

Sapodilla (Manilkara achras (Mill.) Fosberg) is a climacteric and highly perishable fruit with thin peel. The objectives of this study were: (1) to examine the effect of chitosan coating concentrations and storage temperature on the physical and chemical characteristics of sapodilla and (2) to determine the chitosan coating concentrations and the optimum storage temperature for the storage of sapodilla. Factorial Split-Plot Design was used in this experiment: three levels of storage temperature as the main factors (5 °C, 15 °C, 25 °C) and four levels of chitosan concentrations (0%, 2%, 3%, 4%) as the sub-factors. Each treatment was made in five replicates. Collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Duncan's Multiple Test (DMRT) at the test level of 5%. Sapodillas used in this study had the same age in the weight of 100-120 grams and were harvested from the same tree. They were observed until rotten. The parameters observed were the concentrations of chitosan coating thickness on sapodillas'peel, the permeability of chitosan membrane to the air water vapour and oxygen, shelf life, hardness, content of chlorophyll and carotenoid, and respiration of the fruit. Observed data showed that the higher chitosan concentrations was used, the higher capability of the sapodilla's peel to hampered water vapour and oxygen's to peddix the peel. However, the chitosan coating concentration of 4% and the storage temperature of 5 °C temperature made the chitosan layer flaked. The treated concentrations of chitosan coating (0%, 2%, 3%, 4%) at certain storage temperature variations (5 °C, 15 °C, 25 °C) and their interactions had an effect on the physical characters of sapodilla in all parameters. The higher coated chitosan concentration applied, the hardness of sapodilla increased. The chlorophyll contents of sapodilla peel were increasing along with the hampering of the ripening. When the sapodillas were ripe, the carotenoid contents increated. The oxygen contents were decreasing along with the ripening of the sapodillas. The CO2 contents were increasing along with the ripening process of the sapodillas. The optimum treatment to keep sapodillas' shelf life was the chitosan coating of 3% and the the storage temperature of 5 °C. ABTSRAKBuah sawo (Manilkara achras (Mill.) Fosberg) merupakan buah klimaterik yang mempunyai kulit tipis dan cepat matang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkaji pengaruh konsentrasi pelapisan kitosan dan suhu simpan terhadap sifat fisik dan kimiawi buah sawo serta menentukan konsentrasi pelapisan kitosan dan suhu simpan yang paling optimum untuk memperpanjang masa simpan buah sawo. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah Split Plot Design pola faktorial dengan dua faktor, yaitu suhu penyimpanan terdiri dari tiga taraf (5 °C, 15°C, 25 °C) sebagai faktor utama dan konsentrasi kitosan yang terdiri dari empat taraf (0%, 2%, 3%, 4%) sebagai sub faktor. Setiap kombinasi dengan lima ulangan. Data dianalisis menggunakan Analisis Varian (ANAVA) kemudian dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) pada taraf uji 5%. Buah dengan umur fisiologis sama, berat 100 – 120 g dipanen dari satu pohon. Buah diberi perlakuan pelapisan kitosan dan disimpan pada temperatur yang berbeda, selanjutnya diamati sampai buah tidak layak dikonsumsi. Parameter yang diamati adalah tebal lapisan kitosan berbagai konsentrasi pada kulit buah, permeabilitas membran kitosan terhadap uap air dan O2, masa simpan, kekerasan buah, kandungan klorofil dan karotenoid serta laju respirasi. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan semakin tinggi konsentrasi kitosan, semakin terhambat masuknya uap air dan oksigen ke dalam kulit buah, tetapi konsentrasi kitosan 4% dan suhu 5 °C menyebabkan lapisan kitosan mengelupas. Perlakuan konsentrasi pelapisan kitosan (0%, 2%, 3%, 4%) dan suhu simpan (5 °C, 15 °C, 25 °C) serta interaksinya mengakibatkan semakin tinggi konsentrasi kitosan, kekerasan buah sawo semakin meningkat, juga kadar klorofil kulit buah. Semakin buah matang kadar karotenoid semakin meningkat, demikian juga kadar CO2. Kadar oksigen semakin menurun seiring dengan pemasakan buah. Perlakuan optimum untuk mempertahankan masa simpan buah sawo adalah perlakuan pelapisan kitosan 3% dan suhu simpan 5 °C

Modified ultrafast thermometer UFT-M and temperature measurements during Physics of Stratocumulus Top (POST)

A modified UFT-M version of the ultrafast airborne thermometer UFT, aimed at in-cloud temperature measurements, was designed for the Physics of Stratocumulus Top (POST) field campaign. Improvements in its construction resulted in the sensor's increased reliability, which provided valuable measurements in 15 of the 17 flights. Oversampling the data allowed for the effective correction of the artefacts resulting from the interference with electromagnetic transmissions from on-board avionic systems and the thermal noise resulting from the sensor construction. The UFT-M records, when averaged to the 1.4 and 55 m resolutions, compared to the similar records of a thermometer in a Rosemount housing, indicate that the housing distorts even low-resolution airborne temperature measurements. Data collected with the UFT-M during the course of POST characterise the thermal structure of stratocumulus and capping inversion with the maximum resolution of ~1 cm. In this paper, examples of UFT-M records are presented and discussed

PERBEDAAN KEKASARAN PERMUKAAN RESTORASI RESIN KOMPOSIT NANOFILLER DAN NANOHIBRID DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN SISTEM PEMOLESAN ONE STEP DAN MULTIPLE STEP

Penggunaan resin komposit sebagai bahan restorasi mengalami peningkatan. Resin komposit yang disukai yaitu resin komposit nanofiller karena tiller yang kecil sehingga memberikan kehalusan permukaan yang baik. Keberhasilan restorasi resin komposit dipengaruhi oleh pemolesan yang baik. Penelitian untuk mengetahui perbedaan kekasaran permukaan resin komposit nanofiller dan nanohibrid yang dipoles menggunakan sistem one step dan multiple step serta tanpa pemolesan. Penelitian menggunakan spesimen resin komposit berbentuk silinder diameter 5 mm tinggi 2 mm, 15 resin komposit nanotiller dan 15 resin komposit nanohibrid masing-masing dibagi menjadi kelompok I, II, III, nanofiller dan kelompok IV, V, VI nanohibrid dengan masing-masing kelompok 5 subyek penelitian. Semua subyek penelitian direndam saliva buatan dan dimasukkan inkubator 37" 24 jam, kemudian kelompok I tidak dipoles, kelompok II sistem one step, kelompok III sistem multiple step, kelompok IV tidak dipoles, kelompok V sistem one step, kelompok VI sistem multiple step, lalu diukur kekasaran permukaan dengan stylus profilometer, data dalam satuan Ra. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh sistem pemolesan terhadap kekasaran permukaan resin komposit data dianalisis dengan AN OVA dua jalan dengan tarat signifikansi 95% (0 5%) dan dilanjutkan multiple Tukey. Rerata kekasaran permukaan resin komposit nanotiller adalah berturut-turuttanpa pemolesan 0,082:1:0,00758, sistem one step 0,260:1:0,01696, sistem multiple step 0,121:1:0,01194, resin komposit nanohibrid tanpa pemolesan 0,172:1:0,01037, sistem one step 0,306:1:0,00962, sistem multiple step 0,232:1:0,01037 dan dengan uji ANOVA pengaruh perbedaan sistem pemolesan terhadap kekasaran permukaan resin komposit bermakna (