Clostridium Difficile: Penyebab Diare dan Kolitis Pseudomembranosa, Akibat Konsumsi Antibiotika yang Irasional

Clostridium difficile adalah mikroorganisme oportunistik, positif Gram dan anaerob obligat. Kini kuman ini terbukti sebagai penyebab terbesar penyakit kolitis pseudomembranosa (pseudomembranous colitis/PMC) dan diare (antibiotic associated diarrhea /AAD) sebagai dampak negatif dari komsumsi antibiotika yang tidak rasional dalam hal penanggulangan infeksi. Kuman C. difficile baik yang toksigenik maupun yang non toksigenik merupakan flora normal dalam saluran pencernaan neonatus dan anak-anak. Penularan mikroorganisme ini melalui spora kuman dan organisme sendiri yang tertelan bersama makanan atau melalui infeksi nosokomial. Prevalensi infeksi kuman ini pada penderita PMC sangat tinggi sekitar 99% dan pada AAD sekitar 20-25%. Diagnosis laboratorium dapat dilakukan dengan pemeriksaan mikrobiologik, uji serologik dan uji sitotoksisitas. Biaya pemeriksaan dan pengobatan pada seorang penderita AAD maupun PMC sangat tinggi, sehingga perlu memperhatikan lamanya pemakaian antibiotika dan besarnya dosis yang diberikan kepada penderita penyakit infeksi

Invitro Susceptibility Test of Candida spp. Isolates From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Suspected Patients to Antifungal Agents in Jakarta

Pulmonary infection is still a major health concern in Indonesia, and fungal infection is emerging. This may be related to widely used broad spectrum antibiotics, steroids, oral contraceptive, cytostatic, and chronic diseases.The aim of this study was to describe Candidaspp sensitivity pattern to various antifungal agents from pulmonary tuberculosis suspected patients. In this study, we used 176 sputum samples from tuberculosis suspected patients. The samples were cultured 3 times in Sabouraud dextrose agar. Yeast was identified by API 20 C AUX, while antifungal susceptibility test used ATB FUNGUS 3. There were 85 samples infected by yeast. As many as 74 isolates were identified as C. albicans (87.1%), 9 isolates were C. tropicalis (10.6%) and 2 were C. dubliniensis (2.4%). The susceptibility test showed six isolates of C. albicans and one isolate of C. tropicalis were intermediate against itraconazole. Only three isolates of C. albicans were resistant against itrazonazole, fluconazole, and voriconazole. Fortunately, they were still sensitive to amphotericine B and flucytosine. Almost half of tuberculosis suspected patients were infected by Candida spp. Most of them were still sensitive to various antifungal agents, although few C. albicans isolates were resistant against fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole

Polymerase Chain Reaction : Uji Molekuler di Masa Depan

Akhir-akhir ini kemajuan teknologi di bidang rekayasa genetik dirasakan sangat maju dan berkembang dengan pesat. Teknik pengujian dengan DNA probe yang sudah dikenal sangat sensitif dan spesifik, masih ada kelemahannya karena membutuhkan jumlah sel, jaringan atau cairan tubuh lainnya dalam jumlah tertentu agar dapat terdeteksi. Bilamana bahan pemeriksaan yang didapat jumlahnya sangat sedikit, maka dilakukan pembiakan terlebih dahulu. Tetapi sering kali pembiakan tidak berhasil baik atau sulit tumbuh dalam medium pembiakan secara in vitro sehingga memerlukan suatu metode pemeriksaan yang lain yang lebih akurat, mudah, sensitif dan spesifik

Motility Indole Urease as an Alternative Diagnostic Method for Identifying Helicobacter Pylori Infection

Background: The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in the world is quite high, especially in developing countries. Usually the patient shows no specific symptoms and chronic gastritis therefore becomes chronically infected. The complication of the infection is the development of peptic ulcer, which is a predisposing factor for gastric carcinoma. Early diagnosis is an important step to avoid these complications by providing immediate accurate therapy. Methods: In this study, the CLO, MIU (Motility Indole Urease) tests and culture were conducted on 131 biopsy samples of the stomach antrum mucous tissue taken from chronic dyspepsia patients from several hospitals in Jakarta. In the CLO test, biopsy tissue was put in a small well agar to be incubated at room temperature. In the MIU test the biopsy tissue sample was submerged in the small MIU tube agar with a depth of approximately 2/3 rds from the surface, and then incubated at room temperature. Another piece of biopsy tissue was cultured micro-aerophylically. The CLO and MIU tests are considered positive if the color changes from yellow to red, and are considered negative if there is no color change within 24 hours. Results: Compared to culture, the CLO test demonstrated 38% sensitivity, 96% specificity, 94% positive predictive value and 52% negative predictive value, whereas the Results of the MIU test aga inst culture method showed 76% sensitivity, 89% specificity, 88% positive predictive value, and 78% negative predictive value. Conclusion: The MIU test that showed high sensitivity and specificity, and thus could be further developed as an alternative diagnostic method for H. pylori infection

Land Stability at The Final Closing of Waste Final Disposal Supit Urang in Malang City

Amount of waste that enters waste final disposal (TPA) Supit Urang is 833.625 m3/day, with a gradual pile pattern up to ± 12 meters. From 2018 until 2020, new cell was being established. On 13th July 2018, landslide hit the active cell area so that it was necessary to close the landfill zone at the TPA. Based on this background, it is necessary to calculate the landfill stability in landfill management until the new cell is done. The stability calculation also anticipates the subgrade strength and remaining waste cell capacity. Research method was carried out by observing the amount of incoming waste, characteristics of waste at the TPA, topography measurement and the results of observations of subgrade strength. In determining the calculation of land stability analysis, Geo 5 program was used. For technical data, topographic measurement was conducted directly at the TPA and compared with existing topography obtained from secondary data. Based on the topography result, it will be determined the contour slice in the field and a total slice of landfill plan. The result of this study shows that the landfill stability depends on subgrade type and landfill structuring at the TPA

Pengaruh ekstrak biji pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt) sebagai antibakteri terhadap pertumbuhan Pseudomonas aeruginosa

LATAR BELAKANGPseudomonas aeruginosa merupakan bakteri negatif-gram yang menjadi penyebab tersering infeksi di lingkungan Rumah Sakit yang dikenal dengan istilah infeksi nosokomial. Saat ini penggunaan antibakteri dari bahan alami mulai dikembangkan. Di seluruh dunia, ratusan tanaman dapat digunakan dalam pengobatan tradisional sebagai pengobatan untuk infeksi bakteri. Biji buah pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt) mengandung minyak atsiri, saponin, terpenoid, flavonoid, yang diketahui berpotensi sebagai antibakteri. Maka dari itu penulis ingin mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri pada biji pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa. METODEDesain penelitian ini adalah eksperimental sesungguhnya (True Experimental) laboratorium in vitro, menggunakan metode difusi cakram, dengan menggunakan sampel ekstrak biji pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt) dan bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Terdapat 4 kelompok perlakuan dan 2 kelompok kontrol. Zona hambat yang terbentuk akan diukur menggunakan penggaris. Analisis data dengan menggunakan SPSS versi 22. HASILHasil penelitian menunjukkan ekstrak biji pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt) dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa, hal ini dibuktikan dengan terbentuknya zona hambat pada kertas cakram. Zona hambat yang terbentuk bervariasi, semakin tinggi konsentrasi ekstrak maka semakin luas zona hambat yang terbentuk. KESIMPULANEkstrak biji pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt) dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Pseudomonas aeruginosa dengan kategori lemah

The Effects of Worker’s Behavior Changes on Batik Equipment in Traditional Batik Process of Oey Soe Tjoen

Batik Tulis is one of the world's worth preserving intangible heritage objects from Indonesia. Preservation of the batik industry also includes the conservation of the manufacturing process. Oey Soe Tjoen Peranakan Batik is one of the batik workshops that still maintains the traditional batik tulis process for almost a hundred years. This batik workshop located in the Kedungwuni area, Central Java, is now managed by Widianti Widjaja as the third generation. The intergenerational period causes differences in behavior in everyday life, including the process of making batik tulis. In the second and third generations, postural limitations founded, which also affected the equipment used in the process of making batik. The inconvenience factor in the process of making traditional batik tulis is one of the reasons that trigger changes in the equipment used. The purpose of this study is to examine changes in equipment used in the process of making traditional batik tulis in the Oey Soe Tjoen workshop. Through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation in a certain period, it can be concluded that the influence of habits and comfort factors at work increased the work platform on some equipment used in making traditional batik tulis, especially at this workshop.Keywords: Batik tulis, batik tools, behavior, postural, working platformDOI: 10.7176/ADS/80-01Publication date: January 31st 202

Physical Distancing in Small Industries to Prevent COVID-19 in New Normal Era - Case Study: Workstation Canting at Batik Tulis Workshop in Central Java

The COVID-19 pandemic has a significant impact on the economic sector, especially small industries. One that feels the impact is the traditional batik industry. In the traditional batik tulis business, the process is still mostly done by humans. One of the most critical processes in the traditional batik tulis is the canting process, and batik workers do it in groups in a canting workstation with the value of togetherness and sharing. However, given the New Normal Era, to prevent the spread of COVID-19, new considerations are needed in arranging workspaces for traditional batik workers. This study aims to provide recommendations for alternative layout compositions of equipment in the workspace, canting workstations, following New Normal standards. This research was conducted through an ethnographic approach with interviews and observations of several batik houses in Central Java. The research continued with experimentation by reconstructing batik activities using canting at the Ergonomics Laboratory, Faculty of Art and Design, Bandung Institute of Technology. The experimental results were then simulated to produce the best layout composition according to the New Normal workspace standards. In conclusion, a circular layout with one stove with a capacity of two batik workers with opposite orientations was the best layout for following physical distancing to prevent the spread of the SARS-COV-2 virus.Keywords: batik tulis, behavior, layout, physical distancing, workstation DOI: 10.7176/ADS/88-02 Publication date: December 31st 2020

Assessing Critical Thinking Skills and Creativity Skills of Higher Education Students by Using ASSURE Models

This study aims to assess the students critical thinking skills and creative thinking skills progress by using the ASSURE learning model to implement problem-based learning for second-grade college students. The method of this study is an action research model that identifies the learning process activities start from planning, acting, observing, and reflecting process. This study supports the previous research that ASSURE Models can increase critical and creative thinking skills. Results showed that 53% of critical thinking skills students in the category had satisfactory and outstanding results. For creative thinking, 46% of students in the category had satisfactory and outstanding results