Evaluation of nephroprotective and nephrocurative activity of Solanum nigrum on gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in experimental rats

Background: Aminoglycoside antibiotics are most commonly used drugs for the prevention and treatment of gram negative infections. Nephrotoxicity is the main side effect that restricts its long duration use. Modern medicines to treat nephrotoxicity are costly and also not vary effective. Solanum nigrum fruits, having potent antioxidant property can be used for nephroprotection as well as nephrocure.Methods: The study was carried out in two phases. Nephroprotective phase, 54 rats were randomized in 3 groups named G10, G20 & G30 according to 10, 20 & 30 days of treatment. Each group was randomized in three subgroups i.e. control C group [received normal saline (2 ml/100 gm/day) daily for test duration], GT group [received normal saline (2 ml/100 gm/day) daily for test duration & intra-peritoneal gentamicin (40mg/kg) for last five days] & SNT group [received orally S.nigrum (200 mg/kg/day) daily for the test duration and intra-peritoneal gentamicin (40 mg/kg) for last five days]. Rats were sacrificed 24 hours after the last dose of gentamicin (on 11th, 21st and 31st day). In nephrocurative phase, 72 rats were randomised in two groups of 36 rats each. Group-1 received intra-peritoneal gentamicin (40 mg/dl) for five days. Group-2 received intra-peritoneal gentamicin (40 mg/dl) for five days and then S.nigrum (200 mg/kg/day) orally till the rats are sacrificed. Six rats from each group were sacrificed on 3rd, 5th, 7th, 10th, 12th and 14th day after administration of last dose of gentamicin. Blood sample were taken for evaluation of BUN and serum creatinine.Results: There was significant decrease in BUN and serum creatinine values as compared to GT group in all test duration in phase-1. In phase two there was no significant difference of these markers in two groups.Conclusions: S.nigrum fruits extract provide nephroprotection against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity

Evaluation of nephroprotective and nephrocurative activity of Aegle marmelos on albino rats using experimental model

Background: Renal diseases are common now days because of multiple nephrotoxic drugs use like aminoglycosides, analgesic etc. Many diseases like Diabetes and Hypertension also contributing to renal diseases. One of the mechanisms for nephrotoxicity is production of free radicals. The phytochemicals obtained from some plants are claimed to be useful in prevention of nephrotoxicity. One of the good sources of these phytochemicals is leaves of Aegle marmelos (Bael) which has antioxidant property that can be useful in nephroprotection. Hence this study was designed to investigate the nephroprotective as well as nephrocurative potential of Aegle marmelos.Methods: Study was done on albino rats at LLRM Medical College as per CPCSEA guidelines after obtaining permission from IAEC. Nephrotoxicity was induced using injection gentamicin(40mg/kg). The nephroprotective and nephrocurative effect was quantified using serum markers (BUN, Serum creatinine) and histopathological changes. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA followed by post hoc dunnet’s test.Results: When compared with gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity, rats those who received aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos leaves showed significant (p<.001) reduction in nephrotoxicity.Conclusions: It can be concluded from this study that leaves of Aegle marmelos possess siginificant nephroprotective activity.

Biochemical assessment of nephroprotective and nephrocurative activity of Withania somnifera on gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in experimental rats

Background: Renal diseases are among the commonest cause of hospitalization in most of the countries. Acute renal failure (ARF) is a common and serious renal problem having high morbidity and mortality rate. So, prevention of occurrence and progression of acute renal failure (ARF) has become a very important issue. However modern system of medicine lacks reliable nephroprotective drugs. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), a traditional Indian plant having antioxidant property may be used for nephroprotection.Methods: The study was carried out in two phases. In phase 1, evaluation of nephroprotection was done. 54 rats were randomised in 3 groups named G10, G20 and G30 according to 10, 20 and 30 days of treatment. In each of the main groups, rats were randomly assigned to any of the three subgroups i.e. control C group (received normal saline (2ml/100gm/day) orally once a day consecutively for test duration), gentamicin treated GT (received normal saline (2ml/100gm/day) orally once a day consecutively for test duration, Injection gentamicin (40mg/kg) was given intraperitonealy once daily for last five days) and W. Somnifera treated WST group (received W. somnifera orally (500mg/kg/day) as a single dose in morning for the test duration and injection gentamicin (40mg/kg) was given intra-peritonealy once daily for last five days). Rats were sacrificed 24 hours after the last dose of gentamicin injection (on 11th, 21st and 31st day). In Phase-2 nephrocurative activity of W. somnifera was compared with the spontaneous reversal of gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity. 72 rats were randomized into two groups. In Group-1: 36 rats received intra-peritoneal gentamicin for five days in a dose of 40 mg/kg. In Group-2: 36 rats received intra-peritoneal gentamicin for five days in a dose of 40 mg/kg. From the 5th day onward these rats received W. Somnifera orally in a dose of 500mg/kg/day till the rats are sacrificed. Six rats from each group were sacrificed on 3rd, 5th, 7th, 10th, 12th and 14th day after administration of last dose of Gentamicin. Blood sample were taken for evaluation of BUN and serum creatinineResults: BUN and serum creatinine values were significantly low as compared to GT group in all test duration in phase-1. In phase two there was no significant difference of these markers in two groups.Conclusions: Withania Somnifera root extract have nephroprotective activity against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity.

Biochemical assessment of nephroprotective and nephrocurative activity of Withania somnifera on gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in experimental rats

Background: Renal diseases are among the commonest cause of hospitalization in most of the countries. Acute renal failure (ARF) is a common and serious renal problem having high morbidity and mortality rate. So, prevention of occurrence and progression of acute renal failure (ARF) has become a very important issue. However modern system of medicine lacks reliable nephroprotective drugs. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), a traditional Indian plant having antioxidant property may be used for nephroprotection.Methods: The study was carried out in two phases. In phase 1, evaluation of nephroprotection was done. 54 rats were randomised in 3 groups named G10, G20 and G30 according to 10, 20 and 30 days of treatment. In each of the main groups, rats were randomly assigned to any of the three subgroups i.e. control C group (received normal saline (2ml/100gm/day) orally once a day consecutively for test duration), gentamicin treated GT (received normal saline (2ml/100gm/day) orally once a day consecutively for test duration, Injection gentamicin (40mg/kg) was given intraperitonealy once daily for last five days) and W. Somnifera treated WST group (received W. somnifera orally (500mg/kg/day) as a single dose in morning for the test duration and injection gentamicin (40mg/kg) was given intra-peritonealy once daily for last five days). Rats were sacrificed 24 hours after the last dose of gentamicin injection (on 11th, 21st and 31st day). In Phase-2 nephrocurative activity of W. somnifera was compared with the spontaneous reversal of gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity. 72 rats were randomized into two groups. In Group-1: 36 rats received intra-peritoneal gentamicin for five days in a dose of 40 mg/kg. In Group-2: 36 rats received intra-peritoneal gentamicin for five days in a dose of 40 mg/kg. From the 5th day onward these rats received W. Somnifera orally in a dose of 500mg/kg/day till the rats are sacrificed. Six rats from each group were sacrificed on 3rd, 5th, 7th, 10th, 12th and 14th day after administration of last dose of Gentamicin. Blood sample were taken for evaluation of BUN and serum creatinineResults: BUN and serum creatinine values were significantly low as compared to GT group in all test duration in phase-1. In phase two there was no significant difference of these markers in two groups.Conclusions: Withania Somnifera root extract have nephroprotective activity against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity.

Polymer composite developed from discarded carpet for light weight structural applications: Development and Mechanical analysis

Carpets are the three-dimensional product used as a floor covering in homes, offices, commercial centers, decorative purposes, etc. The average life span of the carpet is four to seven years and after that, it becomes solid waste. The discarded carpets are causing a significant hazardous effect on the environment, climate, soil, and various health issues. To overcome the increasing carpet waste, the re-utilization of carpet is essentially desired. This article focuses on the development of polymer composites developed from discarded nylon carpets for lightweight applications. A modified technique of Vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) was used to fabricate epoxy composites. The tensile and flexural tests evaluated the mechanical performance of the proposed composite. The modified composite is manufactured in two different configurations, namely, face- back-to-back-face (FBBF) and back- face to face- back (BFFB) with the help of the VARTM setup. The result demonstrated that the fabricated BFFB composite has a higher strength. The high-resolution microscopy test of the developed samples shows the feasibility of the composites produced from discarded carpet for lightweight functions. An attempt has been made to resue the waste for the fabrication of cost-effective products

An Integrated Statistical-Machine Learning Approach for Runoff Prediction

Nowadays, great attention has been attributed to the study of runoff and its fluctuation over space and time. There is a crucial need for a good soil and water management system to overcome the challenges of water scarcity and other natural adverse events like floods and landslides, among others. Rainfall–runoff (R-R) modeling is an appropriate approach for runoff prediction, making it possible to take preventive measures to avoid damage caused by natural hazards such as floods. In the present study, several data-driven models, namely, multiple linear regression (MLR), multiple adaptive regression splines (MARS), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF), were used for rainfall–runoff prediction of the Gola watershed, located in the south-eastern part of the Uttarakhand. The rainfall–runoff model analysis was conducted using daily rainfall and runoff data for 12 years (2009 to 2020) of the Gola watershed. The first 80% of the complete data was used to train the model, and the remaining 20% was used for the testing period. The performance of the models was evaluated based on the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and percent bias (PBAIS) indices. In addition to the numerical comparison, the models were evaluated. Their performances were evaluated based on graphical plotting, i.e., time-series line diagram, scatter plot, violin plot, relative error plot, and Taylor diagram (TD). The comparison results revealed that the four heuristic methods gave higher accuracy than the MLR model. Among the machine learning models, the RF (RMSE (m3/s), R2, NSE, and PBIAS (%) = 6.31, 0.96, 0.94, and −0.20 during the training period, respectively, and 5.53, 0.95, 0.92, and −0.20 during the testing period, respectively) surpassed the MARS, SVM, and the MLR models in forecasting daily runoff for all cases studied. The RF model outperformed in all four models’ training and testing periods. It can be summarized that the RF model is best-in-class and delivers a strong potential for the runoff prediction of the Gola watershed.Validerad;2022;Nivå 2;2022-07-05 (sofila);Funder: , G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, India; Gola Barrage gauge station Haldwani–Kathgodam, India; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (PTDC/CTA-OHR/30561/2017, WinTherface)</p

Genome-wide analysis of the class III peroxidase gene family in sesame and SiPRXs gene validation by expression analysis under drought stress

Sesame (Sesamum indicum) is an important indigenous oilseed crop but its growth and productivity are severely affected by abiotic stresses. Class III peroxidases are key stress related enzymes that exclusively occur in plant kingdom, however, their specific involvement in sesame remains largely unexplored. The present study aimed to identify the PRX gene family in sesame and elucidate their role in conferring drought stress tolerance in contrasting sesame accessions. Through genome-wide analysis of the PRX gene family, 45 non-redundant members (designated SiPRXs) were identified which were unequally distributed on 13 sesame chromosomes. Motif analysis revealed highly conserved peroxidase domains in all SiPRX proteins. To validate the function of identified SiPRX family members, sesame accessions were phenotyped under drought stress and irrigated conditions. The contrasting drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive accessions were used to study the relative transcript abundance of the selected 15 SiPRX genes by quantitative real-time PCR.Expression analysis revealed differential expression of SiPRX genes between drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive accessions, which was consistent with their physiological responses to drought stress. Our findings provide comprehensive insights into the genomic characterization of the SiPRX gene family in sesame with special reference to drought stress tolerance. These results emphasize the potential utility of SiPRX genes in enhancing drought resilience in sesame with implications for crop improvement strategies

Discovery of a New Class of Natural Product-Inspired Quinazolinone Hybrid as Potent Antileishmanial agents

The high potential of quinazolinone containing natural products and their derivatives in medicinal chemistry led us to discover four novel series of 53 compounds of quinazolinone based on the concept of molecular hybridization. Most of the synthesized analogues exhibited potent leishmanicidal activity against intracellular amastigotes (IC₅₀ from 0.65 ± 0.2 to 7.76 ± 2.1 μM) as compared to miltefosine (IC₅₀ = 8.4 ± 2.1 μM) and nontoxic toward the J-774A.1 cell line and Vero cells. Moreover, activation of Th1 type and suppression of Th2 type immune responses and induction in nitric oxide generation proved that <b>8a</b> and <b>8g</b> induce murine macrophages to prevent survival of parasites. Compounds <b>8a</b> and <b>8g</b> exhibited significant in vivo inhibition of parasite 73.15 ± 12.69% and 80.93 ± 10.50% against Leishmania donovani/hamster model. Our results indicate that compounds <b>8a</b>, <b>8g</b>, and <b>9f</b> represent a new structural lead for this serious and neglected disease