Glimpses of the Third Millennium BC in the Carpathian Basin

The relative and absolute chronology of the cultural groups of the 3rd millennium BC is a particularly exciting field of prehistoric research because this period spans the assumed boundary of two major periods — the final phase of the Copper Age and the initial phase of the Early Bronze Age. The transition from one major archaeological period to the next no doubt involved major structural changes. The transition period roughly spanning the middle third of the 3rd millennium BC, i.e. the period between the close of the Late Copper Age and the Early Bronze Age 2a in Hungary, corresponds to what is known as the Late Eneolithic in Central Europe and is generally divided into three main phases: 1. the late Baden, 2. the post-Baden/Vučedol, and 3. the post-Vučedol period. The transition in the Carpathian Basin had a mosaic patterning: the rhythm of change varied from region to region and the transformation in each major region followed a different cultural trajectory (Fig. 1, Table 1). This period is here examined in the light of two recently discovered finds from Hungary (Fig. 2, Fig. 4). The finds described here offered a glimpse into the transitional period between the Copper Age and the Bronze Age, with a focus on southern Transdanubia. The more or less identical artefacts and decorative styles appearing roughly synchronously in several regions reflect the period’s cultural contacts spanning extensive territories. The mapping of these communications networks and the clarification of the period’s finer chronological details based on the growing corpus of data will no doubt remain one of the priorities of future research. | A Kr. e. 3. évezred relatív és abszolút kronológiai viszonyainak kutatása különösen izgalmas területe az őskor vizsgálatának, hiszen két nagy korszak feltételezett határán, a rézkor kései és a bronzkor kezdeti fázisainak megismerését foglalja magában. A nagy régészeti korszak definíciók azt sejtetik, hogy fontos strukturális változások állnak mögöttük. A Kr. e. 3. évezred középső harmadára tehető átmeneti időszakot, vagyis a magyarországi késő rézkor vége és kora bronzkor 2a közötti korszakot, közép-európai szemszögből tekintve a késő eneolitikum időszakát három főbb szakaszra tagoltan vizsgálhatjuk: 1. késő Baden, 2. post-Baden/ Vučedol korszak, 3. post-Vučedol korszak. A Kárpát-medence térségében egy mozaikos jellegű, fokozatos, területenként változóan eltérő ütemű és tendenciájú átalakulásnak lehetünk tanúi (Fig. 1, Table 1). Ezúttal két magyarországi lelet alapján vizsgáljuk a korszakot (Fig. 2, Fig. 4). A bemutatott leletek segítségével a rézkor és bronzkor átmeneti időszakának néhány kérdését tekintjük át, különösen a Dél-Dunántúl területére fókuszálva. A kor nagy távolságokat átfogó kapcsolatrendszerének maradandó lenyomatát őrzik azok a tárgyak/stíluslemek, melyek több régióban közel egyidőben és hasonló jellegben találhatók meg. Ezek alapján fontos feladat lesz ennek/ezeknek a kommunikációs hálózat(ok)nak a további feltérképezése és a folyamatosan gyarapodó adatok alapján kronológiai összefüggéseik tisztázása

Principal component analysis in tourism marketing

The analysis methods of the interdependences are meant to give a meaning to a set of variables or to group variables in a certain way. This work includes analysis in principal components. In ACP (Analysis of Principal Components) I included nine variables. Starting from the nine variables I sought to identify three principal components (factors) that summarize most of the information held by these variables and simplify the process of interpretation of results. To achieve the ACP which is a multivariate analysis method of marketing data I worked with primary data collected through quantitative marketing research.correlation, factor, items (variable), variance.

DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS IN MARKETING RESEARCH

This paper classifies among marketing researches aiming to study the influence that the following independent variables (explanatory) have: Estimating the expenses incurred in Centre Development Region, including country of residence and the variable "How many days have you planned to stay in this region?" on the construction of separate groups which form the dependent variables - the type of tourist (foreign, Romanian). Thus I shall analyse the explication of the different characteristics of the groups in terms of different attributes that members of these groups have with respect to the independent variables (explanatory). Questionnaires have been distributed to hotels in Brasov, Predeal, Poiana-Brasov, Sfântu Gheorghe, Covasna, Miercurea-Ciuc, Gheorgheni, Tusnad, Târgu-Mures, Sighisoara, Sibiu, Alba – Iulia and other localities that have linked this route. More than 2,000 questionnaires have been distributed. The quantitative research was conducted between 15.05.2009-17.10.2009.marketing research, dependent variable, independent variable, discriminant coefficient

IS THERE ANY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE ATTITUDE OF ROMANIAN TOURISTS AS COMPARED TO THE FOREIGN ONES?

This paper ranks within the field of marketing research, being primarily aimed at identifying differences between the attitude of Romanian tourists as compared to that of foreign tourists with respect to hotel room arrangement - in which they were housed during their staying – respectively the assessment of culinary preparations of the location (the restaurant) where they most often served meals. This paper also presents those aspects they were satisfied with, they are not satisfied with and that the respondents would change or improve in the Centre Development Region. The quantitative marketing research took place in the Centre Development Region between 15.05.2009-17.10.2009. A total of 410 questionnaires have been included in this marketing research.attitude, research, variable, total variant

Kakucs-Balla-domb. A Case Study in the Absolute and Relative Chronology of the Vatya Culture

The present study hopes to contribute to Middle Bronze Age studies in two specific areas: first, by publishing a new series of radiocarbon dates for a period from which there are few absolute dates, and second, by describing a less known area in the Vatya distribution based on the investigations at Kakucs

Towards a Step Semantics for Story-Driven Modelling

Graph Transformation (GraTra) provides a formal, declarative means of specifying model transformation. In practice, GraTra rule applications are often programmed via an additional language with which the order of rule applications can be suitably controlled. Story-Driven Modelling (SDM) is a dialect of programmed GraTra, originally developed as part of the Fujaba CASE tool suite. Using an intuitive, UML-inspired visual syntax, SDM provides usual imperative control flow constructs such as sequences, conditionals and loops that are fairly simple, but whose interaction with individual GraTra rules is nonetheless non-trivial. In this paper, we present the first results of our ongoing work towards providing a formal step semantics for SDM, which focuses on the execution of an SDM specification.Comment: In Proceedings GaM 2016, arXiv:1612.0105

THE BIVARIATE ANALYSIS BETWEEN THE VARIABLES THAT DEFINE THE INVESTIGATED TOURIST POPULATION IN THE CENTER DEVELOPMENT REGION AND THE OTHER IMPORTANT TOURIST VARIABLES

In the marketing research the instances when we need to examine the relationship between two variables are frequent. Knowing the relationship between the two variables involves the use of tests that can be parametric and nonparametric. This paper includes the non-parametric tests used in the bivariate analysis. The used tests are: chi square test, the Mann-Whitney test, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Besides these tests, this paper also includes measuring the association between nominal variables using the C contingency coefficient and Cramer's V coefficient and between two metric variables, using the Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient.variables, Chi square test, U test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Cramer's V contingency coefficient, Pearson's linear correlation coefficient,

BRAND LOYALTY OF FEMALE CONSUMERS - STUDY CARRIED IN SFÂNTU GHEORGHE AND THE SURROUNDING AREAS

Today, the role of women in society has significantly changed, they work as men so they have their own income that they can spend as they wish and as necessary. We need to pay particular importance to consumer behaviour of female and as such it should be treated as a particular segment. This paper aims to study the simultaneous effects - based on data from quantitative marketing research – that the independent variables generate on the dependent variable. The variables introduced in the analysis of variance are: How often do you drink coffee /tea every day?, Age, Income, Last graduated school. We applied the hi square test we in order to analyze the links between two variables measured with nominal scale. The variables analyzed are: Do you always buy the some brand and The highest level of education achieved.analysis of hypothesis, brand, loyalty, behaviour, squared hi, ANOVA

Rural tourism in Hungary: the key of competitiveness

The purpose of this study is to examine the competitiveness of village tourism destination in Hungary utilizing comparative and competitive advantages as the theoretical base. The study identifies the key success factors, touches upon possible problems and puts forward solution for these. The presupposition of the author is that rural tourism can be competitive only if it creates value both for demand and supply side and if the actors of the rural area cooperate their activities. The author emphasizes the role of suitable competences and resources.rural tourism, competitiveness, success, cooperation, Hungary

A szarmaták története c. monográfia megírása és nyomdai előkészítése

A monográfia összefoglaló, áttekintő munka: 42,5 nyomdai ív. A szöveget gazdag illusztrációs anyag egészíti ki (térképek, rajzok, fotók). A munkacímet megváltoztattuk: "...aligha állhat nekik bármely csatarend ellent..." (Egy elfelejtett iráni nép, a szarmaták). A kötet négy fejezetre oszlik. Az 1. fejezet, amelynek bevezetője földrajzi áttekintést ad, a keleti (sztyeppei) szarmaták történetét tárgyalja a Kr.e. VII. - Kr.u. IV. században. A 2. fejezet a Kárpát-medencei szarmaták története. A harmadik részben megvizsgáltuk, hogy mi történt a szarmatákkal/alánokkal a hunok megjelenése után a sztyeppén, a Kaukázusban, a Kárpát-medencében és attól nyugatra fekvő területen. Itt tárgyaltuk a Nart-eposszal kapcsolatos legfontosabb ismereteket, az Arthur-legendakör szarmata vonatkozásait, a honfoglalók iráni kapcsolatait, a jászok szarmata eredetének kérdését. A negyedik nagy egység tematikus: a szarmaták életmódja, hitvilága, társadalma, fegyverzete, haditaktikája, kinézete és viselete, kereskedelmi és külkapcsolatai. A szarmata kor Magyarországon évtizedeken keresztül elhanyagolt kutatási terület volt. A korszak történetéről Alföldi A. 1940-es évekbeli munkája óta nem született részletes áttekintő munka. A sztyeppei szarmaták históriáját pedig ilyen bő terjedelemben és illusztrációs anyaggal még nem foglalták össze. | The monograph is a summarising, comprehensive work: 42.5 printed sheets. Text is supplemented by rich illustration material (maps, drawings, photos). The temporary title was changed: "...hardly any line can stand against them..." (A forgotten Iranian people, the Sarmatians). The text comprises 4 chapters. The 1st chapter, the introduction of which gives a geographical overview, deals with the history of the eastern (steppe) Sarmatians between 7th cent. B.C. - 4th cent. A.D. The 2nd chapter was devoted to the history of the Sarmatians of the Carpathian Basin. In the 3rd chapter we examined what happened with the Sarmatians/Alans after the appearance of Huns, taking into consideration the steppe region, the Caucasus, the Carpathian Basin and the territories west of it. It was here that we dealt with the most important data on the Nart Epic, wirh the Sarmatian relations of the Arthurian cycle, with the Iranian connections of the early Hungarians, and with the question of Sarmatian origin of the Jasones. The 4th chapter includes topics considering Sarmatian way of life, world of beliefs, society, weaponry, war tactics, outlook and costume, trade and foreign relations. In Hungary Sarmatian Age has been a neglected research field for long decades. Since Alföldi's work written in the 1940s, no detailed survey on the history of the age was published. Neither any works of such size and illustrated as richly as our work, had been ever published on the history of the steppe Sarmatians