Cross-cultural validation of the Educational Needs Assessment Tool in RA in 7 European countries

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The Educational Needs Assessment Tool (the ENAT) is a 39-item patient questionnaire originally developed in the UK to assess educational needs of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The objective of this study was to assess the cross-cultural validity of the ENAT in 7 European countries.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The ENAT was translated into Dutch, Finnish, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish versions by using Beaton's cross-cultural adaptation process, and was completed by a convenience sample of patients with RA in each country. The generated country-specific data were assessed for construct validity and were then pooled and assessed for cross-cultural invariance using Rasch analysis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Individual country-specific analysis showed adequate fit to the Rasch model after adjustment for local dependency within domains. When data from the different countries were pooled, the 39 items deviated significantly from Rasch model's expectations (X²= 977.055, DF = 351, p = 0.000, PSI = 0.976). Again, most items within domains were found to be locally dependent, significantly affecting the fit. Consequently each domain was treated as a unit (i.e. testlet) and the ENAT was re-analysed as a seven-testlet scale resulting into a good fit to the Rasch model (X²= 71.909; DF = 63; p = 0.207, PSI = 0.951). A test of strict unidimensionality confirmed that all domains contributed to measuring a single construct. Cross-cultural non-invariance was discounted by splitting domains for DIF maintaining an excellent fit to the Rasch model. This allowed calibration of the ENAT into an interval scale.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The ENAT is a simple tool, which is a valid measure of educational needs of people with RA. Adjustment for cross-cultural non-invariance is available if data from the 7 European countries are to be pooled or compared.</p

Fibromyalgiaa sairastavien koherenssintunne, sosiaalinen tuki ja elämänlaatu

Abstract Fibromyalgia syndrome is associated with a number of symptoms and conditions that can impact extensively on quality of life. These include pain, sleeping problems, fatigue and depression. This research describes the sense of coherence, social support and quality of life of fibromyalgia patients, as well as the changes taking place in these areas over the course of a year. The aim is to generate knowledge that can be used to develop the care and rehabilitation of fibromyalgia patients. The key theoretical and empirical concept used is Sense of Coherence (SOC) based on the theory by Aaron Antonovsky. The data were gathered by means of a questionnaire at the beginning of the rehabilitation and then after approximately 4 and 12 months of rehabilitation. The data were gathered from a total of 169 patients in rehabilitation, 151 of them were involved at all stages. Statistical methods were used to describe and analyse the data. Differences between groups were tested using the t-test and variance analysis, the Mann-Whitney test, the Kruskall-Wallis test and the Chi-square test. Repeat measurements were carried out using the mixed model. The Pearson and Spearman coefficients were used as correlation coefficients. SOC remained fairly stable during the one-year monitoring period, standing at 59 (SD 11) for the whole group at the beginning of the rehabilitation. Social support also remained also stable during the one-year monitoring period. Health-related quality of life (15D) improved in the lowest SOC category. Depression fell over the year, while life satisfaction did not increase significantly. The interaction effect between the four SOC categories and time was statistically significant for sense of coherence and almost significant for fatigue. SOC was higher among those who were satisfied with their life as a whole, with their ability to manage self-care, leisure, vocational and financial situation, sexual life, partnership relations, family life, contacts with friends and acquaintances, health, mental resources and physical fitness. However, no differences in SOC could be seen between those who were satisfied with their vocational life and those who were not. SOC correlated positively with the support received from relatives, health-related quality of life and life satisfaction and negatively with sleep, fatigue, general wellbeing and depression. SOC correlated negatively, but not significantly, with pain. SOC correlated most strongly with depression and to almost the same extent with health-related quality of life. The research provides knowledge regarding the resources and quality of life of fibromyalgia patients who have undergone rehabilitation, and into any changes that occurred in these areas during a one-year process of rehabilitation.Tiivistelmä Fibromyalgia-oireyhtymään liittyy useita elämän laatuun laajasti vaikuttavia oireita ja vaivoja, kuten kipua, univaikeuksia, uupumusta ja masentuneisuutta. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on kuvata fibromyalgiaa sairastavien koherenssintunnetta, sosiaalista tukea ja elämänlaatua ja niissä vuoden aikana tapahtuvia muutoksia. Lisäksi tarkastellaan koherenssintunteen yhteyttä sosiaaliseen tukeen sekä sosiaalisen tuen ja koherenssintunteen yhteyttä elämänlaatuun. Tavoitteena on tuottaa tietoa, jota voidaan käyttää fibromyalgiaa sairastavien hoitotyön ja kuntoutuksen kehittämiseen. Keskeinen teoreettinen ja empiirinen käsite on Aaron Antonovskyn teoriaan pohjautuva koherenssintunne (SOC). Aineisto on koottu kyselylomakkeella kuntoutuksen alussa sekä noin 4 ja 12 kuukauden kuluttua kuntoutuksesta yhteensä 169 kuntoutujalta, joista 151 oli mukana kaikissa vaiheissa. Aineiston kuvaamisessa ja analyysissa käytettiin tilastollisia menetelmiä. Ryhmien välisiä eroja testattiin käyttäen t-testiä ja varianssianalyysiä, Mann-Whitneyn testiä, Kruskall-Wallisin testiä ja Khiin neliötestejä. Toistomittaukset suoritettiin käyttäen lineaarisia sekamalleja. Korrelaatiokertoimena käytettiin Pearsonin tai Spearmanin kertoimia. SOC oli melko pysyvä vuoden seuranta-aikana ollen kuntoutuksen alussa koko ryhmällä 59 (kh. 11). Myös sosiaalinen tuki läheisiltä oli pysyvä vuoden seurannassa. Terveyteen liittyvä elämänlaatu (15D) koheni alimmassa SOC-luokassa. Masentuneisuus väheni vuoden aikana, sen sijaan elämään tyytyväisyys ei merkitsevästi lisääntynyt. Neljän SOC-luokan ja ajan välinen yhdysvaikutus oli tilastollisesti merkitsevä koherenssintunteen ja melkein merkitsevä uupumuksen kohdalla. SOC oli korkeampi sellaisilla, jotka olivat tyytyväisiä elämään, kykyyn huolehtia itsestä, vapaa-aikaan, taloudelliseen tilanteeseen, sukupuolielämään, parisuhteeseen, perhe-elämään, ystävä- ja tuttavasuhteisiin, terveyteen, henkisiin voimavaroihin ja fyysiseen kuntoon, kuin niillä, jotka olivat näihin tyytymättömiä. Sen sijaan SOC ei eronnut työtilanteeseen tyytyväisten ja tyytymättömien välillä. SOC korreloi positiivisesti läheisiltä saatuun tukeen, terveyteen liittyvään elämänlaatuun ja elämään tyytyväisyyteen ja negatiivisesti uneen, uupumukseen, yleisvointiin ja masentuneisuuteen. SOC korreloi negatiivisesti, mutta ei merkitsevästi kipuun. SOC korreloi korkeimmin masentuneisuuden kanssa ja lähes samantasoisesti terveyteen liittyvän elämän laadun kanssa. Tutkimus antaa tietoa kuntoutuksessa olleiden fibromyalgiaa sairastavien voimavaroista ja elämänlaadusta ja niissä tapahtuvista muutoksista vuoden kuntoutusprosessin aikana

Heme oxygenase-1 repeat polymorphism in septic acute kidney injury

Abstract Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a syndrome that frequently affects the critically ill. Recently, an increased number of dinucleotide repeats in the HMOX1 gene were reported to associate with development of AKI in cardiac surgery. We aimed to test the replicability of this finding in a Finnish cohort of critically ill septic patients. This multicenter study was part of the national FINNAKI study. We genotyped 300 patients with severe AKI (KDIGO 2 or 3) and 353 controls without AKI (KDIGO 0) for the guanine–thymine (GTn) repeat in the promoter region of the HMOX1 gene. The allele calling was based on the number of repeats, the cut off being 27 repeats in the S–L (short to long) classification, and 27 and 34 repeats for the S–M–L₂ (short to medium to very long) classification. The plasma concentrations of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) enzyme were measured on admission. The allele distribution in our patients was similar to that published previously, with peaks at 23 and 30 repeats. The S-allele increases AKI risk. An adjusted OR was 1.30 for each S-allele in an additive genetic model (95% CI 1.01–1.66; p = 0.041). Alleles with a repeat number greater than 34 were significantly associated with lower HO-1 concentration (p&lt;0.001). In septic patients, we report an association between a short repeat in HMOX1 and AKI risk