Application of Deform 3D package for analisys of technology options of die-forging of forgings "Support"

Проведено аналіз технологічних переходів і техніко-економічних показників трьох варіантів штампування плоскою поковки «Супорт» з наявністю перепадів поперечного перерізу (матеріал – сталь 40 ГОСТ 1050-88) в пакеті Deform 3D без попереднього профілювання, з впровадженням попереднього профілювання осадкою опуклими продовгуватими бойками з наявністю ексцентриситету і багатоштучного штампування. За результатами моделювання побудовані графічні залежності розподілу інтенсивностей напружень і інтенсивностей деформацій у досліджуваних перетинах по трьом технологіям. Виявлено, що впровадження попереднього профілювання осадкою опуклими плитами з ексцентриситетом навантаження перед операцією штампування призводить до зниження інтенсивності напружень на 5% і інтенсивності деформацій на 25% в гравюрі остаточного рівчака, поліпшенню заповнення гравюри штампа і дозволяє скоротити відходи металу в облой до 22%.Purpose. Development and analysis of variants of stamping a flat forging with the presence of drops (unevenness) cross-section with a package of finite element analysis Deform 3D, for example, forging "support". Design/methodology/approach. The analysis of technological transitions and technical and economic indicators of three options of stamping of a flat forgings "Support" with existence of differences of cross section (material – state standard specification 1050-88 steel 40) in a Deform 3D without preliminary profiling, with introduction of preliminary profiling during upsetting by convex oblong dies with existence of eccentricity and multi-piece die-forging. Shows dependences of distribution of stress and strain intensities in the studied sections for the three technologies by results of modeling. Findings. It is revealed that introduction of preparing profiling by an upsetting by convex plates with eccentricity of loading before operation of stamping leads to decrease in intensity of tension on 5% and intensity of deformations on 25% in an engraving of a final brook, to improvement of filling of an engraving of a stamp and allows to reduce metal waste to 22%.Проведен анализ технологических переходов и технико-экономических показателей трёх вариантов штамповки плоской поковки «Суппорт» с наличием перепадов поперечного сечения (материал – сталь 40 ГОСТ 1050-88) в пакете Deform 3D без предварительного профилирования, с внедрением предварительного профилирования осадкой выпуклыми продолговатыми бойками с наличием эксцентриситета и многоштучной штамповки. По результатам моделирования построены графические зависимости распределения интенсивностей напряжений и интенсивностей деформаций в исследуемых сечениях по трём технологиям. Выявлено, что внедрение предварительного профилирования осадкой выпуклыми плитами с эксцентриситетом нагрузки перед операцией штамповки приводит к снижению интенсивности напряжений на 5% и интенсивности деформаций на 25% в гравюре окончательного ручья, улучшению заполнения гравюры штампа и позволяет сократить отходы металла в облой до 22%

Electron Power-Law Spectra in Solar and Space Plasmas

Particles are accelerated to very high, non-thermal energies in solar and space plasma environments. While energy spectra of accelerated electrons often exhibit a power law, it remains unclear how electrons are accelerated to high energies and what processes determine the power-law index $\delta$. Here, we review previous observations of the power-law index $\delta$ in a variety of different plasma environments with a particular focus on sub-relativistic electrons. It appears that in regions more closely related to magnetic reconnection (such as the `above-the-looptop' solar hard X-ray source and the plasma sheet in Earth's magnetotail), the spectra are typically soft ($\delta \gtrsim$ 4). This is in contrast to the typically hard spectra ($\delta \lesssim$ 4) that are observed in coincidence with shocks. The difference implies that shocks are more efficient in producing a larger non-thermal fraction of electron energies when compared to magnetic reconnection. A caveat is that during active times in Earth's magnetotail, $\delta$ values seem spatially uniform in the plasma sheet, while power-law distributions still exist even in quiet times. The role of magnetotail reconnection in the electron power-law formation could therefore be confounded with these background conditions. Because different regions have been studied with different instrumentations and methodologies, we point out a need for more systematic and coordinated studies of power-law distributions for a better understanding of possible scaling laws in particle acceleration as well as their universality.Comment: 67 pages, 15 figures; submitted to Space Science Reviews; comments welcom

CONTENT AND STRUCTURE OF THE COURSE “INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN PEDAGOGICAL STUDIES”

The article describes the content and structure of the discipline “Information and Communication Technologies in Pedagogical Studies”, which was introduced into the curriculum of training future Doctors of Philosophy in the field of knowledge “Education”. The course consists of two modules: 1) theoretical basis of using information and communication technologies in pedagogical studies; 2) using information and communication technologies at different stages of pedagogical study. In addition, the topics of lectures, general content of practical classes and independent work are given. The content of practical classes contains work in cloud services, checking scientific materials for plagiarism, organizing and conducting questionnaires and testing, creating websites, blogs, etc. Among the tasks of independent work: the creation of a distant course in Moodle, work in MS Excel, the statistical recording of the pedagogical experiment data, the creation of presentations (MS Power Point, Prezi). The results of the implementation of the course in the training of future Doctors of Philosophy in the field of education were monitored; the levels of formation of their ICT competence were. The authors used survey methods, testing, creative tasks, etc. In particular, they described the testing procedure, which was conducted in compliance with all the necessary requirements for designing tests, which ensured the reliability and validity of the monitoring. The authors proved the urgency of implementing the mentioned course into the future scholars’ training, which corresponds to the modern tendencies of education informatization. The course “ICT in Pedagogical Studies” reveals a complex of opportunities and prospects of using computer technologies during scientific and pedagogical research, provides quality training of the specialists with a new type of thinking, promotes the efficiency of their research and pedagogical activity, which is confirmed by the results of implementing the course into the training of the future Doctors of Philosophy in the field of knowledge “Education”

Distribution of \u3cem\u3eCotesia rubecula\u3c/em\u3e (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Its Displacement of \u3cem\u3eCotesia glomerata\u3c/em\u3e in Eastern North America

A survey was conducted from May to Oct of 2011 of the parasitoid community of the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), in cole crops in part of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada. The findings of our survey indicate that Cotesia rubecula (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) now occurs as far west as North Dakota and has become the dominant parasitoid of P. rapae in the northeastern and north central United States and adjacent parts of southeastern Canada, where it has displaced the previously common parasitoid Cotesia glomerata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Cotesia glomerata remains the dominant parasitoid in the mid-Atlantic states, from Virginia to North Carolina and westward to southern Illinois, below latitude N 38° 48′. This pattern suggests that the released populations of C. rubecula presently have a lower latitudinal limit south of which they are not adapted

Refining Pheromone Lures for the Invasive Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Through Collaborative Trials in the United States and Europe

Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, is native to Asia and has invaded North America and Europe inflicting serious agricultural damage to specialty and row crops. Tools to monitor the spread of H. halys include traps baited with the two-component aggregation pheromone (PHER), (3S,6S,7R,10S)-10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol and (3R,6S,7R,10S)-10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol, and pheromone synergist, methyl (2E,4E,6Z)-decatrienoate (MDT). Here, an international team of researchers conducted trials aimed at evaluating prototype commercial lures for H. halys to establish relative attractiveness of: 1) low and high loading rates of PHER and MDT for monitoring tools and attract and kill tactics; 2) polyethylene lure delivery substrates; and 3) the inclusion of ethyl (2E,4E,6Z)-decatrieonate (EDT), a compound that enhances captures when combined with PHER in lures. In general, PHER loading rate had a greater impact on overall trap captures compared with loading of MDT, but reductions in PHER loading and accompanying lower trap captures could be offset by increasing loading of MDT. As MDT is less expensive to produce, these findings enable reduced production costs. Traps baited with lures containing PHER and EDT resulted in numerically increased captures when EDT was loaded at a high rate, but captures were not significantly greater than those traps baited with lures containing standard PHER and MDT. Experimental polyethylene vial dispensers did not outperform standard lure dispensers; trap captures were significantly lower in most cases. Ultimately, these results will enable refinement of commercially available lures for H. halys to balance attraction and sensitivity with production cost

Withania somnifera Root Extract Enhances Chemotherapy through ‘Priming’

Withania somnifera extracts are known for their anti-cancerous, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties. One of their mechanisms of actions is to modulate mitochondrial function through increasing oxidative stress. Recently ‘priming’ has been suggested as a potential mechanism for enhancing cancer cell death. In this study we demonstrate that ‘priming’, in HT-29 colon cells, with W. somnifera root extract increased the potency of the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin. We have also showed the W. somnifera root extract enhanced mitochondrial dysfunction and that the underlying mechanism of ‘priming’ was selectively through increased ROS. Moreover, we showed that this effect was not seen in non-cancerous cells

TERF Wars: Introduction

No abstract available

STIX X-ray microflare observations during the Solar Orbiter commissioning phase

Context. The Spectrometer/Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX) is the hard X-ray instrument onboard Solar Orbiter designed to observe solar flares over a broad range of flare sizes. Aims. We report the first STIX observations of solar microflares recorded during the instrument commissioning phase in order to investigate the STIX performance at its detection limit. Methods. STIX uses hard X-ray imaging spectroscopy in the range between 4-150 keV to diagnose the hottest flare plasma and related nonthermal electrons. This first result paper focuses on the temporal and spectral evolution of STIX microflares occuring in the Active Region (AR) AR12765 in June 2020, and compares the STIX measurements with Earth-orbiting observatories such as the X-ray Sensor of the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES/XRS), the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly of the Solar Dynamics Observatory, and the X-ray Telescope of the Hinode mission. Results. For the observed microflares of the GOES A and B class, the STIX peak time at lowest energies is located in the impulsive phase of the flares, well before the GOES peak time. Such a behavior can either be explained by the higher sensitivity of STIX to higher temperatures compared to GOES, or due to the existence of a nonthermal component reaching down to low energies. The interpretation is inconclusive due to limited counting statistics for all but the largest flare in our sample. For this largest flare, the low-energy peak time is clearly due to thermal emission, and the nonthermal component seen at higher energies occurs even earlier. This suggests that the classic thermal explanation might also be favored for the majority of the smaller flares. In combination with EUV and soft X-ray observations, STIX corroborates earlier findings that an isothermal assumption is of limited validity. Future diagnostic efforts should focus on multi-wavelength studies to derive differential emission measure distributions over a wide range of temperatures to accurately describe the energetics of solar flares. Conclusions. Commissioning observations confirm that STIX is working as designed. As a rule of thumb, STIX detects flares as small as the GOES A class. For flares above the GOES B class, detailed spectral and imaging analyses can be performed

Extended Sentinel Monitoring of Helicoverpa zea Resistance to Cry and Vip3Aa Toxins in Bt Sweet Corn: Assessing Changes in Phenotypic and Allele Frequencies of Resistance

Transgenic corn and cotton that produce Cry and Vip3Aa toxins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are widely planted in the United States to control lepidopteran pests. The sustainability of these Bt crops is threatened because the corn earworm/bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), is evolving a resistance to these toxins. Using Bt sweet corn as a sentinel plant to monitor the evolution of resistance, collaborators established 146 trials in twenty-five states and five Canadian provinces during 2020–2022. The study evaluated overall changes in the phenotypic frequency of resistance (the ratio of larval densities in Bt ears relative to densities in non-Bt ears) in H. zea populations and the range of resistance allele frequencies for Cry1Ab and Vip3Aa. The results revealed a widespread resistance to Cry1Ab, Cry2Ab2, and Cry1A.105 Cry toxins, with higher numbers of larvae surviving in Bt ears than in non-Bt ears at many trial locations. Depending on assumptions about the inheritance of resistance, allele frequencies for Cry1Ab ranged from 0.465 (dominant resistance) to 0.995 (recessive resistance). Although Vip3Aa provided high control efficacy against H. zea, the results show a notable increase in ear damage and a number of surviving older larvae, particularly at southern locations. Assuming recessive resistance, the estimated resistance allele frequencies for Vip3Aa ranged from 0.115 in the Gulf states to 0.032 at more northern locations. These findings indicate that better resistance management practices are urgently needed to sustain efficacy the of corn and cotton that produce Vip3Aa