Jak odkrywać i rozwijać uzdolnienia przyrodnicze uczniów w szkole podstawowej, gimnazjum i szkole ponadgimnazjalnej

Publikacja powstała w ramach projektu "Opracowanie i wdrożenie kompleksowego systemu pracy z uczniem zdolnym"Publikacja współfinansowana przez Unię Europejską w ramach Europejskiego Funduszu Społeczneg

Focus on creativity! Cognitive aspects of creativity

The main research problem is the differentiation of the state of attention during convergent and divergent tasks. Divergent tasks are associated with creative processes. These tasks require varied and often new solutions. It is necessary then to activate, in the working memory, information poorly connected to the long-term memory network. The key process in activating information in memory is attention. A hypothesis was that divergent tasks are performed with greater extensiveness of attention than convergent tasks. The research procedure used in the conducted experiment was based on the simultaneous execution of the extensive attention test and a convergent task (recalling the remembered melody) or a divergent task (improvisation based on the remembered melody). The results support the hypothesis. Creative processes depend on the state of attention and its active application.Głównym problemem badawczym jest różnicowanie stanu uwagi w czasie wykonywania zadań konwergencyjnych i dywergencyjnych. Zadania dywergencyjne wiązane są z procesami twórczymi. Zadania te wymagają różnorodnych i często nowych rozwiązań. Niezbędne jest wówczas aktywowanie w pamięci roboczej informacji słabo połączonych z siecią pamięci długotrwałej. Kluczowym procesem w aktywowaniu informacji w pamięci jest uwaga. Postawiona została hipoteza mówiąca, że zadania dywergencyjne są wykonywane przy większej ekstensyfikacji uwagi niż zadania konwergencyjne. Procedura badawcza wykorzystana w przeprowadzonym eksperymencie opierała się na jednoczesnym wykonywaniu zadania konwergencyjnego (odtwarzania zapamiętanej melodii) lub dywergencyjnego (improwizacja w oparciu o zapamiętaną melodię), przy jednoczesnym rozwiązywaniu testu mierzącego ekstensywność uwagi. Uzyskane wyniki wspierają postawioną hipotezę. Procesy twórcze zależą od stanu uwagi i jej aktywnego działania.Przedstawione w artykule badanie zostało przeprowadzone w ramach zadania badawczego „Psychologiczne aspekty wykonawstwa muzycznego”, finansowanego przez Akademię Muzyczną w Krakowie

Fuel-Flexible Gasification-Combustion Technology for Production of H2 and Sequestration-Ready CO2

It is expected that in the 21st century the Nation will continue to rely on fossil fuels for electricity, transportation, and chemicals. It will be necessary to improve both the process efficiency and environmental impact performance of fossil fuel utilization. GE Global Research has developed an innovative fuel-flexible Unmixed Fuel Processor (UFP) technology to produce H{sub 2}, power, and sequestration-ready CO{sub 2} from coal and other solid fuels. The UFP module offers the potential for reduced cost, increased process efficiency relative to conventional gasification and combustion systems, and near-zero pollutant emissions including NO{sub x}. GE Global Research (prime contractor) was awarded a contract from U.S. DOE NETL to develop the UFP technology. Work on this Phase I program started on October 1, 2000. The project team includes GE Global Research, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (SIU-C), California Energy Commission (CEC), and T. R. Miles, Technical Consultants, Inc. In the UFP technology, coal and air are simultaneously converted into separate streams of (1) high-purity hydrogen that can be utilized in fuel cells or turbines, (2) sequestration-ready CO{sub 2}, and (3) high temperature/pressure vitiated air to produce electricity in a gas turbine. The process produces near-zero emissions and, based on ASPEN Plus process modeling, has an estimated process efficiency of 6 percentage points higher than IGCC with conventional CO{sub 2} separation. The current R&D program has determined the feasibility of the integrated UFP technology through pilot-scale testing, and investigated operating conditions that maximize separation of CO{sub 2} and pollutants from the vent gas, while simultaneously maximizing coal conversion efficiency and hydrogen production. The program integrated experimental testing, modeling and economic studies to demonstrate the UFP technology. This is the fifteenth quarterly technical progress report for the UFP program, which is supported by U.S. DOE NETL (Contract No. DE-FC26-00FT40974) and GE. This report summarizes program accomplishments for the period starting April 1, 2004 and ending June 30, 2004. The report includes an introduction summarizing the UFP technology, main program tasks, and program objectives; it also provides a summary of program activities and accomplishments covering progress in tasks including lab-scale experimental testing, pilot-scale testing, kinetic modeling, program management and technology transfer

Feasibility of CW and LP Operation of the XFEL Linac

The Eu­ro­pean XFEL su­per­con­duct­ing linac is based on cav­i­ties and cry­omod­ules (CM) de­vel­oped for TESLA lin­ear col­lider. The XFEL linac will op­er­ate nom­i­nally in short pulse (sp) mode with 1.3 ms RF pulses (650 μs rise time and 650 μs long bunch train). For 240 ns bunch spac­ing and 10 Hz RF-pulse rep­e­ti­tion rate, up to 27000 bunches per sec­ond can be ac­cel­er­ated to 17.5 GeV to gen­er­ate uniquely high av­er­age bril­liance pho­ton beams at very short wave­lengths. While many ex­per­i­ments can take ad­van­tage of full bunch trains, oth­ers pre­fer an in­creased to sev­eral μ-sec­onds in­tra-pulse dis­tance be­tween bunches, or short bursts with a kHz rep­e­ti­tion rate. For these types of ex­per­i­ments, the high av­er­age bril­liance can be pre­served only with duty fac­tors much larger than that of the cur­rently pro­posed sp op­er­a­tion. In this con­tri­bu­tion, we dis­cuss progress in the R&D pro­gram for fu­ture up­grade of the Eu­ro­pean XFEL linac, namely an op­er­a­tion in the con­tin­u­ous wave (cw) and long pulse (lp) mode, which will allow for more flex­i­bil­ity in the elec­tron and pho­ton beam time struc­ture

Abstracted Hardware and Middleware Access in Control Applications

Hardware access often brings implementation details into a control application, which are subsequently published to the control system. Experience at DESY has shown that it is beneficial for the software quality to use a high level of abstraction from the beginning of a project. Some hardware registers for instance can immediately be treated as process variables if an appropriate library is taking care of most of the error handling. Other parts of the hardware need an additional layer to match the abstraction level of the application. Like this development cycles can be shortened and the code is easier to read and maintain because the logic focuses on what is done, not how it is done. We present the abstraction concept we are using, which is not only unifying the access to hardware but also how process variables are published via the control system middleware