PECULIARITIES OF SEMINAL VESICLES AND SEMINAL DUCTS FORMATION

Introduction. Recently, decrease in male reproductive function has become particularly relevant. Nowadays, 8 to 29% of married couples are infertile throughout the world. The purpose of our study was the ascertainment of the peculiarities of development of seminal vesicles, seminal and ejaculatory ducts. Material and methods. The study was carried out on 16 series of histological sections of pre-fetuses of 10-12 weeks and 4-month fetuses. Nine waxed reconstructions of pelvic organs of pre-fetuses of 65.0 mm parietococcygeal length (PCL) and fetuses of 82.0, 85.0, 95.0 and 130.0 mm PCL were made and studied. Results. In pre-fetuses of 46.0-52.0 mm PCL, the mesonephric duct (wolffian duct) is reduced in the cranial and middle sections. The diameter of the unreduced portion of the wolffian duct at the gonad level varies from 58 to 68 μm. At the beginning of the fetal period of ontogenesis, the length of the right seminal vesicle is 1.56 ± 0.12 mm, its width is 0.54 ± 0.05 mm, its thickness is 0.46 ± 0.06 mm. The dimensions of the left seminal vesicle are accordingly: 1.39 ± 0.11, 0.61 ± 0.05 and 0.57 ± 0.06 mm. In fetus of 130.0 mm PCL, the seminal vesicles are represented by the main tubule and its branches. The length of the right seminal vesicle is 2.3 mm, and the left is 2.2 mm. The length of the cavity of the main duct of the right seminal vesicle is 4.6 mm, and 6.4 mm including the branches. The length of the cavity of the main duct of the left seminal vesicle is 4.8 mm, and 5.6 mm including the branches. Conclusions. At the end of the 10 th – the beginning of the 11 th week of prenatal development, intensive upgrowth of the caudal parts of the mesonephric ducts was noted, resulting in the seminal ducts, seminal vesicles and prostate excretory ducts appearance. In the fetuses of 95.0-120.0 mm of PCL, formation of an ampulla of the seminal duct was observed. At the end of the 4 th month of prenatal development, the external and internal structure of the seminal vesicles and ampullae of the seminal duct becomes more complicated

Hereditary tubulopathies including the associated bone disease

Tubulopathy is a heterogeneous group of diseases combined by the nephron functions disorders of one or more enzyme proteins in the tubular epithelium that cease to function as a reabsorption of one or several substances filtered from the blood through the glomeruli into tubules, which determines the development of the disease. This review addresses the tubulopathies accompanying bone disease, namely: de Tony-Debre-Fanconi syndrome (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked), renal distal metabolic acidosis type I (classic, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive inheritance), renal distal tubular metabolic acidosis I (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive inheritance) and type II (autosomal recessive inheritance accompanying delayed mental development and eye disorders), combined distal and proximal renal tubular metabolic acidosis type III (autosomal recessive inheritance characterized by osteoporosis), hypophosphatemia rickets (X-linked dominant, autosomal dominant, primary hypercalciuria, autosomal recessive inheritance). However, the diagnosis of tubulopathy remains complex and requires expensive laboratory equipment and specialist expertise; it can be diagnosed in children showing the following symptoms: impaired growth, vitamin D resistant rickets (lower limb deformities between 2 and 3 years of age). In the evaluation of such patients urine analysis is commonly used (levels of calcium, phosphorus, pH, bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, glucose, creatinine, protein, amino acids), blood count (levels of creatinine, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase, glucose, pH and sodium, bicarbonate, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus ions), ultrasound of the kidneys to detect nephrocalcinosis. Determination of serum parathyroid hormone concentration, vitamin D metabolites, aldosterone and plasma renin activity, cysteine lymphocyte concentration (suspicion to diagnose cystinosis) and ophthalmologist examination may also be used as additional diagnostic methods. Despite the fact that most tubulopathies can be diagnosed clinically, molecular genetic studies are needed to clarify the type of inheritance and prognosis. The use of calcitriol will help in the management of phosphorous levels in the blood. Correction of vitamin D deficiency state is not required. Calcitriol supplementation may prevent secondary hyperparathyroidism resulting from increased phosphate intake

Morphometric analysis of supraoptic neurons of the rat hypothalamic nuclei under conditions of prolonged illumination

The article reviews the results of studies of the morphofunctional state of neurons of the supraoptic nuclei of the rat hypothalamus under conditions of different duration of light regime. Under standard light regime in rats, a diurnal rhythm of morphofunctional activity of supraoptic nucleus neurons with maximum activity during daytime (before 2 p.m.) is recorded. In animals subjected to prolonged light exposure, more pronounced changes in the morphofunctional state of the supraoptic neurons of the hypothalamus at 2 a.m. than at 2 p.m. were established. Thus, the neuronal nucleus area was 94.08 ± 9.55 μm2 and was significantly greater than that in intact animals. The nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio of supraoptic hypothalamic neuron at 2 a.m. was lower than that in intact animals due to a decrease in specific nucleus volume. In comparison with the day period (2 p.m.), before 2 a.m. there was revealed a decrease of the neuron body area of supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus due to possible decrease of the area of nucleus and nucleolus of cells. This was the reason for the increase in the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio in the neurons under observation at night, which was 2.51 ± 0.023 units. Constant light regime did not cause inversion of the rhythm of morphofunctional activity of the neurons under study, the maximum values, as in intact animals, occurred in the daytime observation period

Age changes in the tigroid substance of neutrons of the lateral preoptic nucleus of hypothalamus under different light modes

The article presents analysis of the results of the original histochemical studies of tigroid substance of neurons of the lateral preoptic nucleus of  hypothalamus in mature and old rats under the influence of different light modes. In all observations, the tigroid substance was located in the cytoplasm of neurons of the lateral preoptic nucleus of hypothalamus in the form of individual granular formations of different sizes and shapes. The amount of tigroid substance of neurons of the lateral preoptic nucleus of hypothalamus in mature rats is greater than in older rats. At the same time, it should be noted that different experimental conditions significantly affected the amount of tigroid substance in neurons of the lateral preoptic nucleus of hypothalamus in old rats. In particular, under conditions of light deprivation, the optical density of specific histochemical staining for tigroid substance in neurons of the lateral preoptic nucleus of hypothalamus increased significantly (p<0,001), and under conditions of light stimulation, on the contrary, probably decreased (p<0,001)

SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY (WERDNIG-HOFFMANN ATROPHY/DISEASE): TWO CASE PRESENTATIONS AND LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction. Spinal muscular atrophy type 1 is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder characterized by degeneration of the anterior horn cells in the spinal cord, leading to symmetric muscle weakness and atrophy. 95% of affected children die before 2 years of age. The annual incidence in the world has been estimated at around 1/11 000. The errors (mutations) in the SMN1 gene prevalence vary from 1: 38 to 1: 70 in the population. The disorder is primarily caused by the homozygous deletions of the gene (5q12.2-q13.3). The SMN gene mutation is primarily caused by a homozygous deletion in exons 7 or 8. Case presentations. 2 clinical cases of children with the Werdnig-Hoffmann disorder will be presented, and a literature review of this pathology. Two cases of spinal muscular atrophy diagnosed in Chernivtsi region, Ukraine, are presented. In both children, a molecular genetic analysis found the homozygous deletions of SMN1 gene in exons 7 and 8. Most affected children die within 2.3- 1.3 years of age. These two cases ended lethally due to subinfection. Material was collected in accordance with ethical standards of work person under Helsinki Declaration (World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki, Ethical Principlesfor Medical Research Involving Human Subjects). Genealogical analysis of families, biochemical analysis of blood, ENMG were carried out. The molecular genetic method was used: DNA was extracted and the deletions of 7 and 8 exons of the telomeric SMN gene were tested by PCR method. The disorder usually manifests in young children, if mother has a history indicating a weak fetal movement during pregnancy. Hypotension and hypotrophy of muscles, absence of tendon reflexes on lower extremities, fibrillation of the muscles of the tongue and fingers are observed in the neonatal period. Children with this pathology can poise their heads, but never turn over and do not sit. They are characterized by a „frog“ position: the limbs are laid in the shoulder and femoral joints and bent in elbow and knee joints. Chest distortions are pathognomonic. The main cause of death is respiratory distress associated with intercurrent respiratory disorders. Conclusion. Based on the literature data and our experience of monitoring children with SMA type I, the disorder has a malignant rapidly progressing course

THE PECULIARITIES OF THE PRENATAL MORPHOGENESIS OF THE EPIDIDYMIS

Epididymis serves a critical function in the process of sperm cells maturation, since it provides with a unique liquid microbiomedium that allows maturation and survival of the spermatozoa. Therefore, the aim of our study is to clarify the patterns of the morphogenesis of the epididymis during the perinatal period of human ontogenesis. 27 series of the serial histological sections of the human embryos and prefetuses (4.0-80.0 mm of parietal-coccygeal length (PСL)) and 56 specimens of human fetuses (81.0-375.0 mm PCL) have been studied, using the methods of microscopy, macroscopy, graphic and plastic reconstruction and morphometry. It has been found that the anlage of the epididymal tubules occurs in the prefetuses 14,0-16,0 mm of PCL, and the formation of the epididymal segments (caput, corpus and cauda), as well as establishment of the correlation between the tubules of the testicle and epididymis is observed in prefetuses 18,0-65,0 mm of PCL. At the early fetal period the asymmetry of the shape and size of the right and left epididymises is observed; it is preserved during the entire fetal period and is accompanied by the process of their accelerated and slowed development. At the end of the fetal period of the ontogenesis the structure and shape of the epididymal tubular system is close to the definite state

Hereditary tubulopathies including the associated bone disease

Tubulopathy is a heterogeneous group of diseases combined by the nephron functions disorders of one or more enzyme proteins in the tubular epithelium that cease to function as a reabsorption of one or several substances filtered from the blood through the glomeruli into tubules, which determines the development of the disease. This review addresses the tubulopathies accompanying bone disease, namely: de Tony-Debre-Fanconi syndrome (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked), renal distal metabolic acidosis type I (classic, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive inheritance), renal distal tubular metabolic acidosis I (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive inheritance) and type II (autosomal recessive inheritance accompanying delayed mental development and eye disorders), combined distal and proximal renal tubular metabolic acidosis type III (autosomal recessive inheritance characterized by osteoporosis), hypophosphatemia rickets (X-linked dominant, autosomal dominant, primary hypercalciuria, autosomal recessive inheritance). However, the diagnosis of tubulopathy remains complex and requires expensive laboratory equipment and specialist expertise; it can be diagnosed in children showing the following symptoms: impaired growth, vitamin D resistant rickets (lower limb deformities between 2 and 3 years of age). In the evaluation of such patients urine analysis is commonly used (levels of calcium, phosphorus, pH, bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, glucose, creatinine, protein, amino acids), blood count (levels of creatinine, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase, glucose, pH and sodium, bicarbonate, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus ions), ultrasound of the kidneys to detect nephrocalcinosis. Determination of serum parathyroid hormone concentration, vitamin D metabolites, aldosterone and plasma renin activity, cysteine lymphocyte concentration (suspicion to diagnose cystinosis) and ophthalmologist examination may also be used as additional diagnostic methods. Despite the fact that most tubulopathies can be diagnosed clinically, molecular genetic studies are needed to clarify the type of inheritance and prognosis. The use of calcitriol will help in the management of phosphorous levels in the blood. Correction of vitamin D deficiency state is not required. Calcitriol supplementation may prevent secondary hyperparathyroidism resulting from increased phosphate intake

Morphological and functional changes in kidneys caused by propranolol: effects of melatonin.

Background. Beta-blockers, including propranolol, are widely used in clinical practice as effective heart medicines. By the spectrum of action, some of them are selectively blocking beta-blockers, which are located in the heart muscle, and called cardioselective (nebivolol, metoprolol, atenolol). Others (propranolol, oksyprenolol, pindolol), simultaneously affect β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors, referred to as non-selective. Objective. The aim of our study was to examine the value of blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors in the regulation of chronorhythms of excretory and ion-regulative renal functions. Determine the possible role of exogenous melatonin in mechanisms of correction of circadian renal function disorders and morphologic abnormalities of kidneys. Methods. Experiments conducted on 35 male rats. One group of rats was daily administered by intragastric propranolol at a dose of 2,5 mg/kg body weight at 19.00 for 7 days. Another group of rats received intraperitoneal exogenous melatonin (Sigma, USA) (0,5 mg/kg body weight) at standard daylight against previous administration of propranolol. Results. Our studies showed that exogenous melatonin is able to influence the basic parameters of renal function caused by propranolol. Obviously, these effects are realized by stimulating specific melatonin receptors located on the basolateral membrane of the initial divisions of proximal tubules, and to a lesser extent – in the glomeruli. Thus, administration of melatonin on the background of propranolol action increases the urine output, increases the speed of ultrafiltration in glomeruli at 42 %, reduces the effects of azotemia, increases the excretion of sodium, increases proximal and distal transport of this cation. Conclusion. The influence of melatonin in condition of propranolol action was characterized by pleiotropic effect

ПОРУШЕННЯ ОБМІНУ МЕЛАТОНІНУ В ГЕНЕЗІ МЕТАБОЛІЧНОГО СИНДРОМУ

In a review of scientific reports, information about melatonin is presented, as well as its role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. The protective properties of melatonin induced by ischemia and diabetes, its indirect antioxidant effects by means of expression of the proper genes in target organs were found.         Metabolic syndrome MS (syn. Reaven, X-syndrome, insulin resistance syndrome, deadly quartet) – is described by the experts of WHO as the pandemic of the XXI century, and its components - obesity and type 2 diabetes, are considered as a global epidemic of non-infectious genesis. Metabolic syndrome as a multifactorial disease is the result of the combined effect of genetic, epigenetic and environment factors.         The positive effect of exogenous melatonin administration on the course of metabolic syndrome helps to eliminate the pathological desynchronosis and provides qualitative readaptation. A similar effect is caused by a wide pleiotropic action of melatonin on multifaceted basic disease. This hormone normalizes lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, lowers blood cholesterol, restores the rhythm of leptin synthesis and lipid oxidation. The scientific foundation of melatonin use as a biological marker in the diagnostics of metabolic syndrome in elderly and senile age, has been received.В обзоре научных сообщений представлены сведения о мелатонине, показана его роль в патогенезе метаболического синдрома. Обоснованно защитные свойства мелатонина, индуцированные ишемией и диабетом, его косвенные антиоксидантные эффекты путем экспрессии соответствующих генов в органах-мишенях.В огляді наукових повідомлень представлені відомості про мелатонін, показана його роль у патогенезі метаболічного синдрому. Обґрунтовано захисні властивості мелатоніну, що індуковані ішемією та діабетом, його непрямі антиоксидантні ефекти шляхом експресії відповідних генів в органах-мішенях