Tissue-Specificity of Gene Expression Diverges Slowly between Orthologs, and Rapidly between Paralogs.

The ortholog conjecture implies that functional similarity between orthologous genes is higher than between paralogs. It has been supported using levels of expression and Gene Ontology term analysis, although the evidence was rather weak and there were also conflicting reports. In this study on 12 species we provide strong evidence of high conservation in tissue-specificity between orthologs, in contrast to low conservation between within-species paralogs. This allows us to shed a new light on the evolution of gene expression patterns. While there have been several studies of the correlation of expression between species, little is known about the evolution of tissue-specificity itself. Ortholog tissue-specificity is strongly conserved between all tetrapod species, with the lowest Pearson correlation between mouse and frog at r = 0.66. Tissue-specificity correlation decreases strongly with divergence time. Paralogs in human show much lower conservation, even for recent Primate-specific paralogs. When both paralogs from ancient whole genome duplication tissue-specific paralogs are tissue-specific, it is often to different tissues, while other tissue-specific paralogs are mostly specific to the same tissue. The same patterns are observed using human or mouse as focal species, and are robust to choices of datasets and of thresholds. Our results support the following model of evolution: in the absence of duplication, tissue-specificity evolves slowly, and tissue-specific genes do not change their main tissue of expression; after small-scale duplication the less expressed paralog loses the ancestral specificity, leading to an immediate difference between paralogs; over time, both paralogs become more broadly expressed, but remain poorly correlated. Finally, there is a small number of paralog pairs which stay tissue-specific with the same main tissue of expression, for at least 300 million years

Tissue-Specific Evolution of Protein Coding Genes in Human and Mouse.

Protein-coding genes evolve at different rates, and the influence of different parameters, from gene size to expression level, has been extensively studied. While in yeast gene expression level is the major causal factor of gene evolutionary rate, the situation is more complex in animals. Here we investigate these relations further, especially taking in account gene expression in different organs as well as indirect correlations between parameters. We used RNA-seq data from two large datasets, covering 22 mouse tissues and 27 human tissues. Over all tissues, evolutionary rate only correlates weakly with levels and breadth of expression. The strongest explanatory factors of purifying selection are GC content, expression in many developmental stages, and expression in brain tissues. While the main component of evolutionary rate is purifying selection, we also find tissue-specific patterns for sites under neutral evolution and for positive selection. We observe fast evolution of genes expressed in testis, but also in other tissues, notably liver, which are explained by weak purifying selection rather than by positive selection

СОЦИАЛЬНО-ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ФЕНОМЕНА «ДОВЕРИЯ» В РАБОТАХ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННЫХ ПСИХОЛОГОВ

The article is devoted to the analysis of modern Russian psychologists’ works investigating the phenomenon of trust. Various approaches to understanding and interpretation of the essence of this concept are summarized. Trust is a concept that is used in modern society in relation to politics, economics, the social sphere and interpersonal communication. By “trust” the author understands an individual attitude of one person (subject) to specific situations, other personalities / groups and socio-psychological phenomena, which has special significance and reliability that causes a trusting attitude.The author gives various types of trust and its functions on the basis of available scientific material. Most researchers use socio-psychological characteristics as a basis for identifying trust functions. Trust helps to optimize the emotional-mental state of a person, to reduce conflict in interpersonal relationships and to expand the opportunities for information exchange. There are different types of trust: depending on subjects, the activity group, executable functions, the trust object, spheres of application of trust, and foundation of trust. The material of the article can be used for practical studies on formation of trust in professional work of specialists working in social sphere.Статья посвящена анализу работ современных отечественных психологов, исследующих феномен доверия: обобщаются различные подходы к пониманию и трактовке сущности данного понятия. Доверие – понятие, которое используется в современном обществе применительно к политике, экономике, социальной сфере и межличностному общению. Под «доверием» автор понимает индивидуальное отношение одной личности (субъекта) к конкретным ситуациям, другим личностям/группам и социально-психологическим явлениям, имеющее особую значимость и надежность, что, в свою очередь, вызывает к ним доверительное отношение.Автор на основе имеющегося научного материала приводит различные типологии доверия и его функции. В качестве оснований для выделения функций доверия большинство исследователей используют социально-психологические характеристики. Доверие способствует оптимизации эмоционально-психического состояния человека, снижению конфликтности в межличностных отношениях, расширяет возможности обмена информации. Существуют разные типологии доверия: в зависимости от субъектов группой активности, выполняемых функций, объекта доверия, сфер приложения доверия и от основания доверия. Материал статьи может быть использован для практических исследований по формированию доверия в профессиональной деятельности специалистов, работающих в социальной сфере

Environmental Role of Earthworm (Lumbricidae) in Formation of Soil Buffering Capacity Against Copper Contamination in Remediated Soil, Steppe Zone of Ukraine

The study allowed effect of earthworm casting activities on soil buffering against copper compounds within the territory remediated after coal mining (Western Donbass, Ukraine). Assay of copper immobilization/mobilization was performed in earthworm casts (excretions) and artificial remediated soil. Efficiency of immobilization in the casts (humus-free and humic variants) was more (23 and 43%, respectively) than efficiency of immobilization in the initial soil: loess-like loam and chernozem (19.9 and 40.1%, respectively). Thus, earthworm ecoservice activity changed positively environmental conditions of remediated soil and naturalization of artificial edaphotopes within remediated lands in steppe zone. Environmental quality of remediated soil enriched in earthworm casts was confirmed to be improved

Simulation of Electrical Characteristics of a Solar Panel

The fast-growing photovoltaic system market leads to the necessity of the informed choice of major energy components and optimization of operating conditions in order to improve energy efficiency. Development of mathematical models of the main components of photovoltaic systems to ensure their comprehensive study is an urgent problem of improving and practical using of the technology of electrical energy production. The paper presents a mathematical model of the solar module implemented in the popular software MATLAB/Simulink. Equivalent circuit of the solar cell with a diode parallel without derived resistance is used for modelling. The serie8s resistance of the solar module is calculated by Newton's iterative method using the data of its technical specifications. It ensures high precision of simulation. Model validity was evaluated by the well-known technical characteristics of the module Solarex MSX 60. The calculation results of the experiment showed that the obtained current-voltage and current-watt characteristics of the model are compatible with those of the manufacturer

Limits of Solid Solutions and Thermal Deformations in the L-Alanine–L-Serine Amino Acid System

The limits of solid solutions and thermal deformations in the L-alanine–L-serine (L-ala–L-ser) amino acid system have been determined. Thirteen amino acid mixtures with various proportions of the components L-ser/L-ala were studied using powder X-ray diffraction techniques. It was found that the regions of solid solutions in the system are rather limited and cover less than 10 mol. % from each component side. The thermal behavior of the components L-ser and L-ala and the composition L-ser/L-ala = 90/10 were studied by temperature-resolved powder X-ray diffraction. The heating of L-ser and L-ala only causes thermal deformations, while two-phase mixtures with the 90/10 L-ser/L-ala ratio form solid solutions at elevated temperatures. Additionally, the parameters of the thermal deformation tensor for L-ser and L-ala were calculated, and the figures of their thermal expansion coefficients were plotted and analyzed. The study conducted is of high applicability, since amino acids are active components of various biological, geological, and technological processes, including those at elevated temperatures, and have numerous applications in life-science industries

Life meanings and values of drug addicts with different durations of remission as components of the psychology of sustainable behavior

The relevance of this study lies in the fact that it draws attention to some factors of successful recovery of drug addicts, those resources that help to maintain stable remission, namely the peculiarities of the value-sense sphere of addictive personality both at the initial stages of recovery and in stable remission. The aim of the study is to investigate the value-sense sphere of drug addicts with different durations of remission in the determination of possible positive changes.The object of the study was 150 drug addicts at different stages of remission. As psychological tools we used the test of life-meaning orientations, adapted by D. A. Leontiev, “Methodology for the study of the system of life meanings” developed by V. Y. Kotlyakov; the method “Value orientations” (M. Rokich). The average data were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis H-criterion. Significant differences in the peculiarities of the value-sense sphere of drug addicts at different stages of remission were revealed. The revealed features should be taken into account when conducting psychological and preventive measures among persons with addictive behavior

FEMALE EMIGRATION IN THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN THE LATE XIXTH AND EARLY XXTH CENTURIES IN ASSESSMENTS OF MODERN RESEARCHERS

This paper is aimed to consider the issue of the intra-imperial emigration of single British women in the late 19th – early 20th centuries in gender and imperial studies. The views of contemporary scholars on various aspects of female emigration movement such as the ideology of female emigration, the functions of women as “builders of the Empire”, the organizations and organizers of emigration, the influence of the female emigration movement on the British society are presented in the article. The author concludes that almost all researchers recognized the importance of female emigration as the essential component of the imperial project aimed at strengthening ties with settlement colonies, and at the same time its role in widening the limits of “women`s sphere”, and in providing new opportunities for female self-realization. The article outlines the directions for future researches of the problem of female emigration in the 19th-20th centuries