43 research outputs found
Preliminary results of in vitro culture of pea and lupin embryos for the reduction of generation cycles in single seed descent technique
The aim of the studies was to establish in vitro conditions for the culture of pea and lupin embryos as the first step in the development of an in vitro assisted single seed descent technique for the attainment of homozygous populations. Materials for the study included of pea, and narrow-leafed and yellow lupin cultivars. Embryos dissected from mature but still-green seeds were cultured in vitro on two modified MS media and under three temperature regimes. Shoot and root lengths of regenerated plants were measured after 7, 14 and 21 days of culture. For pea plants full-strength MS medium with 4 g l−1 agar and temperature 22/ 20°C (day/night) appeared to be the most conducive to shoot and root development, whereas for lupin plants lower temperatures were more propitious: 12°C in the dark for narrow-leafed lupin and 16/ 12°C (day/night) for yellow lupin. Almost all the cultured embryos developed into plants, but not all the regenerated plants survived acclimation to ex vitro conditions
The Relationship Between Grain Hardness, Dough Mixing Parameters and Bread-Making Quality in Winter Wheat
The influence of grain hardness, determined by using molecular markers and physical methods (near-infrared (NIR) technique and particle size index—PSI) on dough characteristics, which in turn were determined with the use of a farinograph and reomixer, as well as bread-making properties were studied. The material covered 24 winter wheat genotypes differing in grain hardness. The field experiment was conducted at standard and increased levels of nitrogen fertilization. Results of molecular analyses were in agreement with those obtained by the use of physical methods for soft-grained lines. Some lines classified as hard (by physical methods) appeared to have the wild-type Pina and Pinb alleles, similar to soft lines. Differences in dough and bread-making properties between lines classified as hard and soft on the basis of molecular data appeared to be of less significance than the differences between lines classified as hard and soft on the basis of physical analyses of grain texture. Values of relative grain hardness at the increased nitrogen fertilization level were significantly higher. At both fertilization levels the NIR parameter determining grain hardness was significantly positively correlated with the wet gluten and sedimentation values, with most of the rheological parameters and bread yield. Values of this parameter correlated with quality characteristics in a higher degree than values of particle size index
Drought-related secondary metabolites of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves and their metabolomic quantitative trait loci
Determining the role of plant secondary metabolites in stress conditions is problematic due to the diversity of their structures and the complexity of their interdependence with different biological pathways. Correlation of metabolomic data with the genetic background provides essential information about the features of metabolites. LC-MS analysis of leaf metabolites from 100 barley recombinant inbred lines (RILs) revealed that 98 traits among 135 detected phenolic and terpenoid compounds significantly changed their level as a result of drought stress. Metabolites with similar patterns of change were grouped in modules, revealing differences among RILs and parental varieties at early and late stages of drought. The most significant changes in stress were observed for ferulic and sinapic acid derivatives as well as acylated glycosides of flavones. The tendency to accumulate methylated compounds was a major phenomenon in this set of samples. In addition, the polyamine derivatives hordatines as well as terpenoid blumenol C derivatives were observed to be drought related. The correlation of drought-related compounds with molecular marker polymorphisms resulted in the definition of metabolomic quantitative trait loci in the genomic regions of single-nucleotide polymorphism 3101-111 and simple sequence repeat Bmag0692 with multiple linkages to metabolites. The associations pointed to genes related to the defence response and response to cold, heat and oxidative stress, but not to genes related to biosynthesis of the compounds. We postulate that the significant metabolites have a role as antioxidants, regulators of gene expression and modulators of protein function in barley during drought
Prioritization of Candidate Genes in QTL Regions for Physiological and Biochemical Traits Underlying Drought Response in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Drought is one of the most adverse abiotic factors limiting growth and productivity of crops. Among them is barley, ranked fourth cereal worldwide in terms of harvested acreage and production. Plants have evolved various mechanisms to cope with water deficit at different biological levels, but there is an enormous challenge to decipher genes responsible for particular complex phenotypic traits, in order to develop drought tolerant crops. This work presents a comprehensive approach for elucidation of molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance in barley at the seedling stage of development. The study includes mapping of QTLs for physiological and biochemical traits associated with drought tolerance on a high-density function map, projection of QTL confidence intervals on barley physical map, and the retrievement of positional candidate genes (CGs), followed by their prioritization based on Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. A total of 64 QTLs for 25 physiological and biochemical traits that describe plant water status, photosynthetic efficiency, osmoprotectant and hormone content, as well as antioxidant activity, were positioned on a consensus map, constructed using RIL populations developed from the crosses between European and Syrian genotypes. The map contained a total of 875 SNP, SSR and CGs, spanning 941.86 cM with resolution of 1.1 cM. For the first time, QTLs for ethylene, glucose, sucrose, maltose, raffinose, α-tocopherol, γ-tocotrienol content, and catalase activity, have been mapped in barley. Based on overlapping confidence intervals of QTLs, 11 hotspots were identified that enclosed more than 60% of mapped QTLs. Genetic and physical map integration allowed the identification of 1,101 positional CGs within the confidence intervals of drought response-specific QTLs. Prioritization resulted in the designation of 143 CGs, among them were genes encoding antioxidants, carboxylic acid biosynthesis enzymes, heat shock proteins, small auxin up-regulated RNAs, nitric oxide synthase, ATP sulfurylases, and proteins involved in regulation of flowering time. This global approach may be proposed for identification of new CGs that underlies QTLs responsible for complex traits
QTLs for earliness and yield-forming traits in the Lubuski x CamB barley RIL population under various water regimes
This work was supported by the European Regional Development Fund through the Innovative Economy Programme 2007?2013, project WND-POIG.01.03.01?00?101/08 POLAPGEN-BD "Biotechnological tools for breeding cereals with increased resistance to drought".Drought has become more frequent in Central Europe causing large losses in cereal yields, especially of spring crops. The development of new varieties with increased tolerance to drought is a key tool for improvement of agricultural productivity. Material for the study consisted of 100 barley recombinant inbred lines (RILs) (LCam) derived from the cross between Syrian and European parents. The RILs and parental genotypes were examined in greenhouse experiments under well-watered and water-deficit conditions. During vegetation the date of heading, yield and yield-related traits were measured. RIL population was genotyped with microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism markers. This population, together with two other populations, was the basis for the consensus map construction, which was used for identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting the traits. The studied lines showed a large variability in heading date. It was noted that drought-treatment negatively affected the yield and its components, especially when applied at the flag leaf stage. In total, 60 QTLs were detected on all the barley chromosomes. The largest number of QTLs was found on chromosome 2H. The main QTL associated with heading, located on chromosome 2H (Q.HD.LC-2H), was identified at SNP marker 5880–2547, in the vicinity of Ppd-H1 gene. SNP 5880–2547 was also the closest marker to QTLs associated with plant architecture, spike morphology and grain yield. The present study showed that the earliness allele from the Syrian parent, as introduced into the genome of an European variety could result in an improvement of barley yield performance under drought conditions.European Regional Development Fun
Interaction of gene effects with environments for malting quality of barley doubled haploids
Abstract. Barley doubled haploids covering a wide range of malting quality, along with their parental cultivars and F 2 , F 3 hybrids, were investigated in six environments (three locations, two years) to study the genotype-environment (G × E) interaction structure and the influence of environments on additive, dominance and epistatic gene effects. Grain and malt characters, such as 1000-grain weight, percentage of plump kernels, malt extract yield, protein content, Kolbach index and malt fine-coarse difference (FCD), were measured. Main effects for genetic parameters were estimated and regression analysis was used to explain the interaction of gene effects with environments. The results show that additive effects had the greatest interaction with environments for all the analysed traits, but only for malt characters this interaction was linear. Interaction of dominance effects was much lower and only in the case of 1000-grain weight, protein content and Kolbach index it proved to be significant. The results suggest that effects of heterozygous loci are more stable in contrasting environments than effects of homozygous loci
Quantitative trait loci for plant height in Maresi × CamB barley population and their associations with yield-related traits under different water regimes
High-yielding capacity of the modern barley varieties is mostly dependent on the sources of semi-dwarfness associated with the sdw1/denso locus. The objective of the study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with the plant height and yield potential of barley recombinant inbred lines (RILs) grown under various soil moisture regimes. The plant material was developed from a hybrid between the Maresi (European cv.) and CamB (Syrian cv.). A total of 103 QTLs affecting analysed traits were detected and 36 of them showed stable effects over environments. In total, ten QTLs were found to be significant only under water shortage conditions. Nine QTLs affecting the length of main stem were detected on 2H-6H chromosomes. In four of the detected QTLs, alleles contributed by Maresi had negative effects on that trait, the most significant being the QLSt-3H.1-1 in the 3H.1 linkage group. The close linkage between QTLs identified around the sdw1/denso locus, with positive alleles contributed by Maresi, indicates that the semi-dwarf cv. Maresi could serve as a donor of favourable traits resulting in grain yield improvement, also under water scarcity. Molecular analyses revealed that the Syrian cv. also contributed alleles which increased the yield potential. Available barley resources of genomic annotations were employed to the biological interpretation of detected QTLs. This approach revealed 26 over-represented Gene Ontology terms. In the projected support intervals of QGWSl-5H.3-2 and QLSt-5H.3 on the chromosome 5H, four genes annotated to ‘response to stress’ were found. It suggests that these QTL-regions may be involved in a response of plant to a wide range of environmental disturbances
Preliminary results of in vitro culture of pea and lupin embryos for the reduction of generation cycles in single seed descent technique
The aim of the studies was to establish in vitro conditions for the culture of pea and lupin embryos as the first step in the development of an in vitro assisted single seed descent technique for the attainment of homozygous populations. Materials for the study included of pea, and narrow-leafed and yellow lupin cultivars. Embryos dissected from mature but still-green seeds were cultured in vitro on two modified MS media and under three temperature regimes. Shoot and root lengths of regenerated plants were measured after 7, 14 and 21 days of culture. For pea plants full-strength MS medium with 4 g l−1 agar and temperature 22/ 20°C (day/night) appeared to be the most conducive to shoot and root development, whereas for lupin plants lower temperatures were more propitious: 12°C in the dark for narrow-leafed lupin and 16/ 12°C (day/night) for yellow lupin. Almost all the cultured embryos developed into plants, but not all the regenerated plants survived acclimation to ex vitro conditions
Segregation distortion in homozygous lines obtained via anther culture and maize doubled haploid methods in comparison to single seed descent in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Background: The quality of wheat grain depends on several
characteristics, among which the composition of high molecular weight
glutenin subunits, encoded by Glu-1 loci, are the most important.
Application of biotechnological tools to accelerate the attainment of
homozygous lines may influence the proportion of segregated genotypes.
The objective was to determine, whether the selection pressure
generated by the methods based on in vitro cultures, may cause a loss
of genotypes with desirable Glu-1 alleles. Results: Homozygous
lineswere derived from six winter wheat crosses by pollination with
maize (DH-MP), anther culture (DH-AC) and single seed descent (SSD)
technique. Androgenetically-derived plants that originated from the
same callus were examined before chromosome doubling using
allele-specific and microsatellite markers. It was found that
segregation distortion in SSD and DH-MP populations occurred only in
one case, whereas in anther-derived lines they were observed in five
out of six analyzed combinations. Conclusions: Segregation distortion
in DH-AC populations was caused by the development of more than one
plant of the same genotype from one callus. This distortion was
minimized if only one plant per callus was included in the population.
Selection of haploid wheat plants before chromosome doubling based on
allele-specific markers allows us to choose genotypes that possess
desirable Glu-1 alleles and to reduce the number of plants in the next
steps of DH production. The SSD technique appeared to be themost
advantageous in terms of Mendelian segregation, thus the occurrence of
residual heterozygosity can be minimized by continuous selfing beyond
the F6 generation