Analysis Of Visitor Attendance At Polish Tourism Attractions

Tourism attractions are an important segment of the tourism market; they play an immense role in shaping the geography of the tourism movement. In spite of that studies devoted to tourism attractions are undertaken relatively rarely. In the present article, the author presents the results of research devoted to attendance at various types of tourism attraction in Poland, along with an attempt to identify the factors determining their popularity which is measured by the number of visitors. Among others, the author distinguishes the so-called flagship attractions which are of importance for the identity and general image of individual regions

Program kształcenia kadr na potrzeby turystyki na Uniwersytecie im. George'a Washingtona w Waszyngtonie

Rozmiary kształcenia kadry w USA są bezpośrednio koordynowane z zapotrzebowaniem rynku turystycznego. Kwalifikowana kadra turystyczna przygotowywana jest do pracy przede wszystkim przez szko y średnie i zawodowe oraz system kursowy. W porównaniu z krajam i europejskim i na mniejszą skalą rozwinięto szkolnictwo turystyczne na poziomie wyższym. W śród różnorodnych szkól wyższych (było ich w 1986 r. w całych Stanach Zjednoczonych ponad 3000) tylko w 30 uczelniach podjęto studia turystyczne. Z tego tylko w 10 uczelniach kończą się one nadaniem tytułu naukowego (master of science lub master of art) w dziedzinie turystyki, w pozostałych edukacja kończy się na niższym stopniu dyplomem zawodowym bakałarza (bacheler). Obok takich uczelni jak Uniwersytet w Colorado, Metropolitan State College w Denver, New School lor Social Research and Transport M anagement w Nowym Jorku na uwagę ze względu na pełny profil studiów oraz ich interdyscyplinarny charakter zasługuje The George Washington University w Waszyngtonie (w skrócie GWU).The scale of manpower education in the United States is directly coordinated with the dem and of tourist market. Highlyqualified tourist manpower is trained first of all by high schools, vocational schools, and through a system of courses. In comparison with the European countries, the academic education in the field of tourism has bsen developed on a smaller scale. From among various higher education institutions (over 3,000 in the whole country in 1986) only 30 were offering cources in tourism. From among these 30 institutions, only in 10 the courses end with obtaining a scientific degree (Master of Science or Master of Art) in tourism, while in the remaining the education ends with a lower degree of Bachelor of Science or Art. Besides such academic institutions as The University of Colorado, The Metropolitan State College in Denver, The New School lor Social Research and Transport Management in New York, it is worth poiting out The George Washington University in Washington (GWU) not only due to its full profile of academic courses but also their interdisciplinary character

Sposoby przeciwdziałania negatywnym skutkom overtourismu w atrakcjach i destynacjach turystycznych

The excessive concentration of tourist traffic, known as overtourism, leads to overcrowding in attractive locations, over-advertising and aggressive commercialisation, which lower the aesthetic quality of tourists’ experiences and result in the degradation of natural and cultural resources. The effect of excessive number of tourists is an increase in the price of services, rental fees and real estate. In historical cities, it causes the gentrification of historical districts. The aim of this work is to show the genesis of the phenomenon called “overtourism”, its development and activities aimed at limiting its negative effects. The article is based on a review of literature and observation of phenomena accompanying excessive tourist attendance in 2018 described in social media and identi fi ed in the historic district of Kraków. The article discusses the negative effects of overtourism observed at attractions and in tourist destinations, illustrated by examples from Poland and around the world. The process of gentrification is exemplified using the city of Kraków. The second part of the article presents actions described in the literature and media reports that are taken to soften the negative effects of overtourism. This includes both action with regard to the supply of tourist services, as well as the demand for such services. It is indicated that a compromise needs to be reached among the three interested parties: residents, tourists and the tourist industry.Nadmierna koncentracja ruchu turystycznego (overtourism) prowadzi do zatłoczenia atrakcyjnych miejsc oraz przereklamowania i agresywnej komercjalizacji, co obniża poziom estetycznych doznań turystów i skutkuje degradacją naturalnych i kulturowych zasobów. Efektem nadmiernej frekwencji turystów jest wzrost cen usług, mieszkań i nieruchomości. W miastach historycznych dochodzi przez to do gentryfikacji zabytkowych dzielnic. Celem pracy było ukazanie genezy zjawiska zwanego overtourismem, jego rozwoju oraz działań mających na celu ograniczenie jego negatywnych skutków. Artykuł został oparty na przeglądzie literatury oraz na obserwacji zjawisk towarzyszących nadmiernej frekwencji turystów w 2018 r., opisywanych w mediach społecznościowych i identy fi kowanych na terenie zabytkowej dzielnicy Krakowa. Omówiono negatywne skutki overtourismu obserwowane w atrakcjach i destynacjach turystycznych, ilustrując ten problem przykładami ze świata i z Polski. Proces gentryfikacji pokazano, posługując się przykładem Krakowa. Ponadto zestawiono opisane w literaturze i doniesieniach medialnych działania na rzecz łagodzenia negatywnych skutków overtourismu. Dotyczą one zarówno działań po stronie podaży ofert usług turystycznych jak i popytu na te usługi. Wskazano na potrzebę budowania kompromisu pomiędzy trzema stronami interesariuszy: mieszkańcami, turystami i branżą turystyczną

Revisiting the Temperature of the Diffuse ISM with CHESS Sounding Rocket Observations

Measuring the temperature and abundance patterns of clouds in the interstellar medium (ISM) provides an observational basis for models of the physical conditions within the clouds, which play an important role in studies of star and planet formation. The Colorado High-resolution Echelle Stellar Spectrograph (CHESS) is a far ultraviolet rocket-borne instrument designed to study the atomic-to-molecular transitions within diffuse molecular and translucent cloud regions. The final two flights of the instrument observed $\beta^{1}$ Scorpii ($\beta$ Sco) and $\gamma$ Arae. We present flight results of interstellar molecular hydrogen (H$_{\rm 2}$) excitation on the sightlines, including measurements of the column densities and temperatures. These results are compared to previous values that were measured using the damping wings of low J$^{\prime \prime}$ H$_{\rm 2}$ absorption features (Savage et al. 1977). For $\beta$ Sco, we find that the derived column density of the J$^{\prime \prime}$ = 1 rotational level differs by a factor of 2-3 when compared to the previous observations. We discuss the discrepancies between the two measurements and show that the source of the difference is due to the opacity of higher rotational levels contributing to the J$^{\prime \prime}$ = 1 absorption wing, increasing the inferred column density in the previous work. We extend this analysis to 9 $Copernicus$ and 13 $FUSE$ spectra to explore the interdependence of the column densities of different rotational levels and how the H$_{\rm 2}$ kinetic temperature is influenced by these relationships. We find a revised average gas kinetic temperature of the diffuse molecular ISM of T$_{01}$ = 68 $\pm$ 13 K, 12% lower than the value found previously.Comment: 20 pages, 10 Figures, Accepted in Ap

Regional specialised observatories networks in technological development and innovation exemplified by the Silesia Voivodship

The Regional Specialised Observatories Network is a systemic tool to encourage interdisciplinary cooperation between the key participants of the regional innovation system in order to build the competitive advantage of the region. The network responds to the region’s requirements by creating a modern tool to monitor the effects of the pro-technological development of the region in particular areas of technology, established in the Technological Development Strategy (TDS) for the Silesian Voivodship for the years 2010-2020, which is a constituent of the Regional Innovation Strategy. The observatory network will concentrate on collecting and processing specialised knowledge in the areas of technology in accord with TDS, monitoring technological and economic trends and assessment of the endogenous technological potential of the Silesian Voivodship. The network’s operation, through the link to the regional observatory as well as to national initiatives, will stimulate many forms of cooperation and contribute to the bonding of economic circles, innovators, science and research centres, the regional government and authorities responsible for drawing up and implementing development policy. The Regional Specialised Observatories Network is an open structure geared towards collecting, processing and publicising specialised knowledge, being a trustworthy source of data and information on technological areas in the region. The article presents the Network’s impact on identifying challenges and technological trends in reference to the region’s potential.Preparation and printing funded by the National Agency for Research and Development under project “Kreator Innowacyjności – wparcie dla Przedsiębiorczości akademickiej