Gastrointestinal-projecting neurones in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus exhibit direct and viscerotopically organized sensitivity to orexin

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65136/1/jphysiol.2002.029546.pd

Substance P in the Dorsal Motor Nucleus of the Vagus Evokes Gastric Motor Inhibition via Neurokinin 1 Receptor in Rat 1

ABSTRACT Many gastrointestinal stimuli result in gastric fundic relaxation. This information is integrated at the interface of vagal afferents and efferents in the dorsal vagal complex. Substance P (SP) is present in this region, and the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK 1 R) is highly expressed in preganglionic neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMN). However, its functional effects on vagal motor output to the stomach have not been investigated. Therefore, we determined the gastric motor effects of stereotaxic microinjection of SP and selective tachykinin receptor agents into the DMN of anesthetized rats. Dose-related decreases in intragastric pressure and antral motility were obtained on the microinjection of SP (135 and 405 pmol) into the DMN, without cardiovascular changes. Similar decreases in intragastric pressure were noted after the microinjection of [Sar 9 ,Met(O 2 ) 11 ]SP (NK 1 R agonist; 135 pmol) but not senktide (NK 3 R agonist; 135 pmol) or vehicle. The gastric motor inhibition evoked by SP (135 pmol) was attenuated by prior microinjection of 2-methoxy-5-tetrazol-1-yl-benzyl-(2-phenyl-piperidin-3-yl)-amine (GR203040; 1 nmol; NK 1 R antagonist). Vagotomy or hexamethonium (15 mg/kg i.v.) completely abolished the gastric relaxation evoked by SP (135 pmol) microinjected into the DMN. We conclude that SP acts on NK 1 R preganglionic cholinergic vagal neurons in the DMN, which control enteric nonadrenergic noncholinergic motor inhibition of the fundus. The potential relevance is that an antiemetic site of action of NK 1 R antagonists may be in the DMN to prevent excitation of neurons controlling fundic relaxation, which is an essential prodromal component of emesis. Many stimuli to the gastrointestinal tract result in hormonal ("endoneurocrine") or neuronal feedback to other regions of the gut, and the vagus nerve is intimately involved in conveying this information to the upper gastrointestinal tract. Integration of "long-loop" vagal afferent-efferent pathways from the gut occurs in the dorsal vagal complex of the hindbrain medulla. This complex comprises the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMN), where preganglionic motor neurons innervating the gastrointestinal tract are located, and the nucleus tractus solitarius, where primary visceral afferents terminate. Preganglionic neurons in the DMN target the stomach One candidate neurotransmitter in the dorsal vagal complex that could mediate fundic relaxation is substance P (SP). The microinjection of SP into the nucleus tractus solitarius evokes gastric relaxatio

Prolactin-releasing peptide affects gastric motor function in rat by modulating synaptic transmission in the dorsal vagal complex

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66249/1/jphysiol.2004.072736.pd

Le partage de la ressource en eau sur la Durance en 2050 : vers une évolution du mode de gestion des grands ouvrages duranciens ?

Congrès SHF: Water Tensions in Europe and in the Mediterranean: water crisis by 2050?, Paris, FRA, 08-/10/2015 - 09/10/2015International audienceUne vision prospective de la gestion de l'eau du bassin de la Durance et des territoires alimentés par ses eaux à l'horizon 2050 a été élaborée, appuyée par une chaine de modèles incluant des représentations du climat, de la ressource naturelle, des demandes en eau et du fonctionnement des grands ouvrages hydrauliques (Serre-Ponçon, Castillon et Sainte-Croix), sous contraintes de respect des débits réservés, de cotes touristiques dans les retenues et de restitution d'eau stockée pour des usages en aval. Cet ensemble, validé en temps présent, a été alimenté par des projections climatiques et paramétré pour intégrer les évolutions du territoire décrites par des scénarios de développement socio-économique avec une hypothèse de conservation des règles de gestion actuelles. Les résultats suggèrent à l'horizon 2050 : une hausse de la température moyenne de l'air impactant l'hydrologie de montagne ; une évolution incertaine des précipitations ; une réduction des stocks de neige et une fonte avancée dans l'année qui induisent une réduction des débits au printemps ; une diminution de la ressource en eau en période estivale ; une diminution de la demande globale en eau à l'échelle du territoire, cette demande étant fortement conditionnée par les scénarios territoriaux élaborés ici ; la satisfaction des demandes en eau en aval des ouvrages considérées comme prioritaires, au détriment de la production d'énergie en hiver (flexibilité moindre en période de pointe) et du maintien de cotes touristiques en été ;une diminution de la production d'énergie due notamment à la réduction des apports en amont des ouvrages hydroélectriques

Substance P induces gastric mucosal protection at supraspinal level via increasing the level of endomorphin-2 in rats.

The aim of the present study was to analyze the potential role of substance P (SP) in gastric mucosal defense and to clarify the receptors and mechanisms that may be involved in it. Gastric ulceration was induced by oral administration of acidified ethanol in male Wistar rats. Mucosal levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and somatostatin were determined by radioimmunoassay. For analysis of gastric motor activity the rubber balloon method was used. We found that central (intracerebroventricular) injection of SP (9.3-74pmol) dose-dependently inhibited the formation of ethanol-induced ulcers, while intravenously injected SP (0.37-7.4nmol/kg) had no effect. The mucosal protective effect of SP was inhibited by pretreatment with neurokinin 1-, neurokinin 2-, neurokinin 3- and mu-opioid receptor antagonists, while delta- and kappa-opioid receptor antagonists had no effect. Endomorphin-2 antiserum also antagonized the SP-induced mucosal protection. In the gastroprotective dose range SP failed to influence the gastric motor activity. Inhibition of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, or the synthesis of nitric oxide or prostaglandins significantly reduced the effect of SP. In addition, centrally injected SP reversed the ethanol-induced reduction of gastric mucosal CGRP content. It can be concluded, that SP may induce gastric mucosal protection initiated centrally. Its protective effect is likely to be mediated by endomorphin-2, and vagal nerve may convey the centrally initiated protection to the periphery, where both prostaglandins, nitric oxide and CGRP are involved in mediating this effect

Oxytocin and Vasopressin Involved in Restraint Water-Immersion Stress Mediated by Oxytocin Receptor and Vasopressin 1b Receptor in Rat Brain

Aims: Vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) are considered to be related to gastric functions and the regulation of stress response. The present study was to study the role of vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons during the restraint waterimmersion stress. Methods: Ten male Wistar rats were divided into two groups, control and RWIS for 1h. The brain sections were treated with a dual immunohistochemistry of Fos and oxytocin (OT) or vasopressin (AVP) or OT receptor or AVP 1b receptor (V1bR). Results: (1) Fos-immunoreactive (Fos-IR) neurons dramatically increased in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), the supraoptic nucleus (SON), the neucleus of solitary tract (NTS) and motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) in the RWIS rats; (2) OT-immunoreactive (OT-IR) neurons were mainly observed in the medial magnocellular part of the PVN and the dorsal portion of the SON, while AVP-immunoreactive (AVP-IR) neurons mainly distributed in the magnocellular part of the PVN and the ventral portion of the SON. In the RWIS rats, Fos-IR neurons were indentified in 31 % of OT-IR neurons and 40 % of AVP-IR neurons in the PVN, while in the SON it represented 28%, 53 % respectively; (3) V 1bR-IR and OTR-IR neurons occupied all portions of the NTS and DMV. In the RWIS rats, more than 10 % of OTR-IR and V1bR-IR neurons were activated in the DMV, while lower ratio in the NTS. Conclusion: RWIS activates both oxytocinergic and vasopressinergic neurons in the PVN and SON, which may project to th

Events in shopping centers' marketing

W artykule dokonano identyfikacji i kategoryzacji wydarzeń marketingowych (eventów) organizowanych w polskich centrach handlowych. W części teoretycznej opisano marketing wydarzeń (event marketing) centrów handlowych, natomiast w części empirycznej dokonano analizy wydarzeń centrów handlowych w Polsce. Artykuł został przygotowany na podstawie danych pochodzących z wtórnych i pierwotnych źródeł informacji. Źródła wtórne stanowi literatura przedmiotu oraz opracowania branżowe na temat działających w Polsce centrów handlowych. Źródła pierwotne zostały pozyskane w drodze badań własnych, przeprowadzonych na podstawie analizy oficjalnych profili na portalu społecznościowym Facebook 25 największych polskich centrów handlowych. Zamieszczone w artykule wyniki badań wskazują na dużą częstotliwość i różnorodność wydarzeń oraz znaczne różnice w liczbie organizowanych eventów między badanymi centrami.The article identifies and categorizes marketing events in Polish shopping centers. The theoretical part deals with the event marketing of shopping centers, while the empirical part analyzes the events of shopping centers in Poland. The article was prepared based on data from secondary and primary sources of information. Secondary sources are the literature on the subject and industry studies on shopping centers in Poland. Primary sources were obtained through own research carried out on the basis of the analysis of official profiles on the Facebook social network of 25 largest shopping centers in Poland. The research results presented in the article indicate a high frequency and variety of events as well as significant differences in the number of events organized between the studied centers