Ісламський фактор в міжнародних економічних відносинах: приклад ЄС і Турції

В роботі представлена спроба цілісного вивчення впливу культурних, соціальних, економічних і політичних факторів на процеси взаємовідносин Туреччини і ЄС, що дозволяє надати більш об'ємне й глибоке уявлення про соціально-політичні процеси в Туреччині і ЄС в контексті їх еволюції. Дана оцінка сучасного стану мусульманської діаспори в країнах ЄС з подальшою систематизацією даних. Зроблена авторська порівняльна характеристика процесів євроінтеграції України (у якої є свій «ісламський» фактор) і Туреччини і її систематизаці

Invloed van pesticiden op boerenlandvogels. Is de bewijsvoering rond?

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Root foraging theory put to the test

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Root Ecology

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Experimental ramet aggregation in the clonal plant Agrostis stolonifera reduces its competitive ability

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Only seed size matters for germination in different populations of the dimorphic Tragopogon pratensis subsp. pratensis (Asteraceae)

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Plant hormones regulate fast shoot elongation under water: From genes to communities

Contains fulltext : 57981.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)Flooding affects the abundance and distribution of plant species worldwide. Many plants are damaged or even killed by flooding events, due to the associated oxygen deprivation in cells. Stimulated shoot elongation is an important adaptive mode that can restore contact of leaves with the atmosphere above the water surface. This strongly improves inward diffusion of oxygen and the rate of photosynthesis. Fast elongation of submerged petioles of the model plant Rumex palustris involves the integrated action of the plant hormones ethylene, auxin, gibberellin, and abscisic acid. The closely related Rumex acetosa is unable to switch on petiole elongation when submerged. In a comparative study of these two Rumex species, we found that the response to the gaseous phytohormone ethylene, which accumulates in plant tissues during submergence, explains their contrasting elongation behavior. In order to study the importance of this shoot elongation response in the distributional patterns of plants in natural floodplains, we quantified the ethylene-induced elongation response of 22 plant species occurring in the Rhine River floodplain. These results were compared with the results of a multivariate analysis based on 84 vegetation surveys performed in the same area. The species compositions of the surveys were grouped along two environmental gradients: flooding duration and soil dehydration after the floodwater subsided. If we superimpose the ethylene-induced elongation capacity on these vegetation data, it becomes clear that the capacity to elongate upon exposure to ethylene positively correlates with flooding duration and negatively with soil dehydration. Based on this analysis, we conclude that the capacity to elongate is an important selective trait in field distribution patterns of plants in flood-prone environments. Fast shoot elongation under water seems to be a favorable trait only in environments with shallow and prolonged flooding events, while costs associated with this response prevent its expression in sites with deep floods, sites with floods short in duration, or in sites in which flood water recedes rapidly. The approach outlined in this paper may be more widely applicable in ecological studies that aim to understand the functional relationship between plant traits and species distributions along environmental gradients

Elasticities: A Review of Methods and Model Limitations

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