The Reasons of Emotion

The paper argues that a careful consideration of the internal relations between the expression of emotion, say, “I am afraid”, and the description of one’s situation, “It is dangerous”, offers valuable insight into the moral and interpersonal aspects necessary to meaningfully describe our emotional life. It also opens for a more nuanced understanding of the kind of reasoning into which we enter when we criticize another person’s emotion or our own

What Makes a Successful Crowdfunding Campaign? A Case Study of Success Factors in Reward-Based Crowdfunding of Technology-Based Campaigns

Crowdfunding has become a popular method for founders of new ventures to acquire funding from individuals all around the world for varied projects. However, the factors influencing crowdfunding success are not well understood. This research aims to identify what makes a successful crowdfunding campaign by determining factors leading to success in crowdfunding campaigns, as well as explaining why and how those proposed factors influence crowdfunding success. The primary data for this qualitative case study were collected from three reward-based crowdfunding campaign founders in technology-based projects by using semi-structured interviews. Secondary data were gathered through direct observation from the case campaign websites. An inductive approach was used for this research. Thus, the analysis and theory building came during and after the data gathering. The research data were categorized and analyzed within and across the cases, and finally compared with existing research and theories. The research results indicated that there are at least seven factors influencing crowdfunding success, including product, pre-campaign community, team, presentation, awareness, preparation, and authenticity. Additionally, several explanations were provided to help understand why these factors were considered important. The main implications of this research concern product attributes and pre-campaign communities. The campaign founders considered products and various product attributes as one of the most important factors in crowdfunding success, suggesting further research of their dynamics in different campaign categories in reward-based crowdfunding. In addition, crowdfunding campaigns were found to benefit from pre-campaign communities by allowing crowds to be committed and involved in projects even before they enter a crowdfunding stage, thus increasing attention and the amount of potential funders. Finally, this research argues that more research is required to better understand the crowdfunding phenomenon by gathering data from new and diverse sources.fi=Opinnäytetyö kokotekstinä PDF-muodossa.|en=Thesis fulltext in PDF format.|sv=Lärdomsprov tillgängligt som fulltext i PDF-format

What We Talk about When We Talk About Love

Are there reasons for loving? How can I promise to love someone? Is there such a thing as unconditional love? Am I responsible for loving or for failing to love someone? Can there be love without idealization? This work sets out to show that many of the questions we raise when philosophizing about love are expressive of confusions about what we talk about when we talk about love. Addressing questions pertaining to philosophical discussions about emotions, personal identity and the meaning of language and morality, the author shows how these confusions can be dissolved by carefully attending to our different conversations about love. Her investigations show that many of the challenges we face when reflecting on love do not have the kind of scientific or strictly philosophical character that would allow us to settle them once and for all. They are moral in character and gain their significance from the questions they raise about the place love has in our own lives. The kind of reflection on the meaning of love suggested in this work does not depend on any new discoveries about the phenomena of love. It is available to anyone who is prepared to reflect on our ways of speaking and to question our preconceptions of love and of philosophy. Through such reflection our understanding of love may continually deepen

Minerals to dairy cows with focus on calcium and magnesium balance

Both clinical and subclinical deficiency of calcium and magnesium may cause problems in dairy cows. Clinical hypocalcaemia most commonly occurs at calving and onset of lactation and is associated with milk fever, while clinical hypomagnesaemia occurs under certain dietary conditions. Factors affecting the calcium and magnesium status in dairy cows were examined in this thesis. The effect of dietary magnesium (0.19 and 0.43 % of dry matter) and potassium (1.9, 2.8, and 3.7 % of dry matter) on magnesium digestibility and magnesium balance was assessed using a Latin square design with six lactating cows. The effect of supplying dietary calcium to dry cows (0.49, 0.93, and 1.36 % of dry matter) on calcium and magnesium homeostasis was investigated in 29 periparturient cows. A case-control study was used to investigate whether mineral feeding during the last part of the dry period differed between 30 herds with high incidence of milk fever, and 22 herds with no milk fever. Finally, the effect of prepartum milking for 1 to 7 days on calcium homeostasis was investigated in 15 cows around calving. Magnesium uptake in lactating cows was found to depend on the level of dietary magnesium, but not on the potassium concentration. Dietary calcium had no effect on hypocalcaemia at calving, and was not different between herds with high milk fever incidence and herds without milk fever. However, high levels of calcium in the diet resulted in decreased magnesium absorption. High amounts of potassium in the diet were associated with increased risk of high milk fever incidence, while high amounts of dietary magnesium were associated with decreased risk of high milk fever incidence. Prepartum milking decreased plasma calcium levels and activated the calcium homeostatic mechanisms. However, there were no differences in the degree of hypo¬calcaemia at calving, and plasma concentration of calcium decreased within 1 h after calving, indicating that factors other than milk removal alone were responsible for the decrease in plasma calcium levels at calving. The conclusion was that cows should be fed high amounts of magnesium and low amounts of potassium during the last part of the dry period to avoid milk fever, while the potassium concentration in the diet of lactating cows is of less importance regarding magnesium uptake. Milk removal affects calcium homeostasis, but the effect on the risk of milk fever is unclear

Iäkkään henkilön jalkojen terveyden edistäminen : Iäkkäiden näkökulmia jalkojen omahoidosta

Opinnäytetyössä selvitettiin iäkkään jalkojen terveyttä ja kuvailtiin jalkaongelmien ennaltaehkäisyä sekä kartoitettiin minkälaista tukea ja ohjausta iäkkäät tarvitsevat terveydenhoitajalta. Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli, että terveydenhoitaja saisi tietoa, miten ohjata ja motivoida iäkkäitä pitämään huolta jalkojensa terveydestä, ja iäkkäät osaisivat jatkossa huolehtia jalkojensa terveydestä ja oivaltaisivat jalkojen hoidon merkityksen. Opinnäytetyön taustalla on Seinäjoen ammattikorkeakoulun hanke PK-Inno. Opinnäytetyö toteutettiin kvalitatiivista tutkimusmenetelmää käyttäen. Tutkimusmenetelmänä olivat teemahaastattelu ja havainnointi. Opinnäytetyössä haastateltiin kuutta iäkästä henkilöä. Vastaukset käsiteltiin sisällön analyysillä. Jalkojen terveys vaikuttaa iäkkäiden päivittäiseen elämään ja kokonaisterveyteen. Jalkaterveyttä kuvaa jalkojen kivuttomuus, ehjä ja terve iho, ehjät ja oikein leikatut kynnet ja normaali jalkaterän rakenne. Ikääntyneiden yleisimpiä jalkaongelmia ovat jalkapohjan kuiva iho, varpaiden ja jalkapohjien känsät ja kovettumat, pitkät ja paksuuntuneet varpaankynnet, jalan turvotus sekä jalkakipu. Suurin osa jalkaongelmista on ehkäistävissä, ja pitämällä huolta iäkkään jalkojen terveydestä, voidaan tukea hänen kokonaisvaltaista terveyttään ja toimintakykyään. Opinnäytetyön tulosten mukaan iäkkäät kokivat jalkojensa terveyden pääosin hyväksi, mutta he kärsivät myös jalkaongelmista. Iäkkäät hoitivat jalkojaan pääasiassa pesemällä, rasvaamalla, leikkaamalla varpaankynsiään, voimistelemalla jalkojaan sekä vaihtamalla sukkia ja käyttämällä mukavia kenkiä. Iäkkäät kokivat kynsien leikkaamisen hankalimpana jalkojen omahoidossa, ja moni kävi jalkahoitajalla sen vuoksi. Iäkkäillä oli puutteita myös muun muassa jalkojen hygieniasta huolehtimisessa ja sisäkenkien käytössä. Iäkkäät eivät osanneet kunnolla kuvailla, millaista tukea tai ohjausta tarvitsevat jalkojen terveyden edistämisessä. Useat iäkkäät eivät olleet saaneet minkäänlaista ohjeistusta jalkojen omahoitoon, mutta osa kaipasi sitä. Osalla iäkkäistä oli huono motivaatio jalkojen omahoidossa.This thesis explains what elderly foot health is all about and describes the prevention of foot problems, as well as what kind of support and guidance seniors need from a public health nurse. The aim was for public health nurses to learn how to guide and motivate elderly people to take care of their feet, as well as for elderly persons to know how to take care of the health of their feet in the future, and realize the importance of foot care. In the background of the thesis is Project PK-Inno of Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences. A qualitative research met-hod was used in this thesis. The research methods were the theme interview and observation. There were six interviewees in this thesis. The answers were processed using content analysis. Foot health impacts on daily life and overall health of elderly people. Foot health is about painlessness, undamaged and healthy skin, undamaged and properly cut toe nails as well as normal structure of the foot. Most common foot problems of elderly people are dry soles of the foot, corns and callouses of dry sole of foot, long and thickened toe nails, foot swelling and foot pain. Most foot problems are avoidable. By taking care of elderly people’s foot health, it is possible to support their overall health and ability to function. In this thesis, elderly people considered their foot health to be mainly good, but they also suffered from foot problems. Elderly people took care of their feet mainly by washing them, using a moisturizing cream, cutting toe nails, doing gymnastics, changing socks, as well as by using comfortable shoes. Elderly people experienced nail cutting the most troublesome in foot self-care, and many of them went to the podiatric nurse because of it. Some negligence was detected regarding the hygiene of the feet and the use of indoor shoes. Elderly people did not know how to properly describe what kind of support or guidance they need in promoting foot health. Many of them have not received any guidance on foot self-care treatment, but some of them thought it would be necessary. Some seniors have poor motivation regarding foot self-care

Educar el juicio. Aprendiendo de la didáctica de la filosofía y de las manualidades

Teachers in vocational education face two problems. (1) Learning involves the ability to transcend and modify learned knowledge to new circumstances. How should vocational education prepare students for future, unknown tasks? (2) Students should strive to produce work of good quality. How does vocational education help them develop their faculty of judgment to differentiate between better and worse quality? These two questions are tightly interwoven. The paper compares the didactics of philosophy and sloyd. Both developed independently, but their solutions to how one advances the capacity for reflective judgment are similar. Central to this capacity is not merely devising efficient means to work towards pre-existing aims, but to reflect in practice on what one’s aim are and should be. This implies reflection on what future problems, as well as solutions to them, demand of us cognitively, socially and morally.Profesores de la enseñanza vocacional se enfrentan con dos problemas. (1) El aprendizaje incluye la capacidad para modificar conocimientos adquiridos a nuevas circunstancias. ¿Cómo debería la educación vocacional preparar los estudiantes para futuras, todavía desconocidas tareas? (2) Los estudiantes deberían producir trabajos de buena calidad. ¿En qué modo les ayuda la educación vocacional a desarrollar su habilidad para distinguir entre mejor y peor calidad? Estas dos preguntas son fuertemente enlazadas. El artículo compara la didáctica de la filosofía con la didáctica de las manualidades. Las dos se han venido desarrollando independientemente, pero la similitud entre sus respectivas soluciones para fomentar el desarrollo de la capacidad de reflexión es significativa. Tal capacidad no se centra únicamente en idear modos eficaces para laborar hacia metas predefinidas, sino implica reflexionar en la práctica sobre la meta que uno tiene o debería tener. Esto implica asimismo reflexión sobre lo que futuros obstáculos y sus soluciones requieren de uno en términos cognitivos, sociales y morales

Cutting out the middleman: measuring nuclear area in histopathology slides without segmentation

The size of nuclei in histological preparations from excised breast tumors is predictive of patient outcome (large nuclei indicate poor outcome). Pathologists take into account nuclear size when performing breast cancer grading. In addition, the mean nuclear area (MNA) has been shown to have independent prognostic value. The straightforward approach to measuring nuclear size is by performing nuclei segmentation. We hypothesize that given an image of a tumor region with known nuclei locations, the area of the individual nuclei and region statistics such as the MNA can be reliably computed directly from the image data by employing a machine learning model, without the intermediate step of nuclei segmentation. Towards this goal, we train a deep convolutional neural network model that is applied locally at each nucleus location, and can reliably measure the area of the individual nuclei and the MNA. Furthermore, we show how such an approach can be extended to perform combined nuclei detection and measurement, which is reminiscent of granulometry.Comment: Conditionally accepted for MICCAI 201

The Future Librarian: A Diverse and Complex Professional

The library professional is an active actor in the information society and the professional identity is affected by societal and cultural phenomena as well as technological changes. The library users’ changing information behavior, different forms of information, and information overload challenge the professional perspective; what is the core expertise of the library profession and what new skills are needed in the future? The library profession meets a growing complexity in its role and it becomes difficult to balance the generalist and expertise level of the profession (Stover 2004). Desirable future skills are related to operating and navigating on the Internet, and being open for interaction with the users on the Internet. At the same time the professional identity is firmly anchored in the traditional core values and competences of librarianship (Huvila et al. 2013). This paper discusses the challenge of the diversity of the expected qualities of librarians. The paper has both a professional as well as an educational point of view. How do we educate library professionals of tomorrow in a society where information and information related activities are continuously growing and changing? What are the core competencies, what are the key challenges, and how do we find a balance between technical and social skills? This paper is based on empirical work looking into expectations of the future library profession among library directors, as well as LIS-students

The Difficulty of thinking : Listening to the voices of students in early childhood education

This paper addresses the question of how to conceptualise the kind of difficulties students in early childhood education encountered in articulating their thoughts and in listening to others in the initial stages of a CoI. With examples from their course diaries, we illustrate what sense it makes to consider the thinking the CoI promotes as centrally embodied, extended, embedded and enacted (4Es). We consider their difficulties, not as external obstacles to expressing their thought, but as difficulties that are internal to thinking itself, in the sense that thinking implicates the skillful participation in a shared practice that involves us as embodied human beings, enculturated in a context that carries much of the meaning of our situation, engaged in activities that are centrally social, and dependent on interaction with others, who on a fundamental level shape what it is possible for us to think.Peer reviewe

Between steps: Intermediate relaxations between big-M and convex hull formulations

This work develops a class of relaxations in between the big-M and convex hull formulations of disjunctions, drawing advantages from both. The proposed "P-split" formulations split convex additively separable constraints into P partitions and form the convex hull of the partitioned disjuncts. Parameter P represents the trade-off of model size vs. relaxation strength. We examine the novel formulations and prove that, under certain assumptions, the relaxations form a hierarchy starting from a big-M equivalent and converging to the convex hull. We computationally compare the proposed formulations to big-M and convex hull formulations on a test set including: K-means clustering, P_ball problems, and ReLU neural networks. The computational results show that the intermediate P-split formulations can form strong outer approximations of the convex hull with fewer variables and constraints than the extended convex hull formulations, giving significant computational advantages over both the big-M and convex hull