Using Word Wall Activities in Early Childhood Classrooms

This article describes an action research study of student word identification. The targeted population consisted of Pre-Kindergarten students in three elementary schools located in mid-western communities. Post intervention data indicated an increase in students\u27 word identification skills. The researchers recommended that word wall activities should be used for the implementation of improvement of word identification skills. Teachers planning to use word wall activities should determine at which rate new words would be introduced within their classroom

Sorted Pixel Value Difference on Fuzzy Watermarking Scheme

A robust watermark scheme for copyright protection is proposed in the present paper. The present method selects the pixel locations to insert the watermark by a new technique called fuzzy based wavelet approach. The watermark is embedded in the sorted pixel locations of fuzzy based wavelet approach by using pixel value difference method. The proposed approach overcomes the weak robustness problem of embedding the watermark in the spatia domain and also in pixel value difference method. Further the watermark extraction does not require the original image as in the case of many digital watermarking methods. The fuzzy logic approach in the wavelet domain eliminates the requirement of repeated embedding process. The experimental results indicate the high image quality and robustness against various attacks when compared to several approaches