19 research outputs found
RNA Methylation by the MIS Complex Regulates a Cell Fate Decision in Yeast
For the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, nutrient limitation is a key developmental signal causing diploid cells to switch from yeast-form budding to either foraging pseudohyphal (PH) growth or meiosis and sporulation. Prolonged starvation leads to lineage restriction, such that cells exiting meiotic prophase are committed to complete sporulation even if nutrients are restored. Here, we have identified an earlier commitment point in the starvation program. After this point, cells, returned to nutrient-rich medium, entered a form of synchronous PH development that was morphologically and genetically indistinguishable from starvation-induced PH growth. We show that lineage restriction during this time was, in part, dependent on the mRNA methyltransferase activity of Ime4, which played separable roles in meiotic induction and suppression of the PH program. Normal levels of meiotic mRNA methylation required the catalytic domain of Ime4, as well as two meiotic proteins, Mum2 and Slz1, which interacted and co-immunoprecipitated with Ime4. This MIS complex (Mum2, Ime4, and Slz1) functioned in both starvation pathways. Together, our results support the notion that the yeast starvation response is an extended process that progressively restricts cell fate and reveal a broad role of post-transcriptional RNA methylation in these decisions
Dose-escalated Adaptive Radiotherapy for Bladder Cancer: Results of the Phase 2 RAIDER Randomised Controlled Trial
Delivering radiotherapy to the bladder is challenging as it is a mobile, deformable structure. Dose-escalated adaptive image-guided radiotherapy could improve outcomes. RAIDER aimed to demonstrate the safety of such a schedule. RAIDER is an international phase 2 noncomparative randomised controlled trial (ISRCTN26779187). Patients with unifocal T2-T4a urothelial bladder cancer were randomised (1:1:2) to standard whole bladder radiotherapy (WBRT), standard-dose adaptive radiotherapy (SART), or dose-escalated adaptive radiotherapy (DART). Two fractionation (f) schedules recruited independently. WBRT and SART dose was 55 Gy/20f or 64 Gy/32f, and DART dose was 60 Gy/20f or 70 Gy/32f. For SART and DART, a radiotherapy plan (small, medium, or large) was chosen daily. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with radiotherapy-related late Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade â„3 toxicity; the trial was designed to rule out >20% toxicity with DART. A total of 345 patients were randomised between October 2015 and April 2020: 41/46 WBRT, 41/46 SART, and 81/90 DART patients in the 20f/32f cohorts, respectively. The median age was 72/73 yr; 78%/85% had T2 tumours, 46%/52% had neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and 70%/71% had radiosensitising therapy. The median follow-up was 42.1/38.2 mo. Sixty-six of 77 (86%) 20f and 74 of 82 (90%) 32f participants planned for DART met the mandatory medium plan dose constraints. Radiotherapy-related grade â„3 toxicity was reported in one of 58 patients (90% confidence interval [CI] 0.1, 7.9) with 20f DART and zero of 56 patients with 32f DART. Two-year overall survival was 77% (95% CI 69, 82) for WBRT + SART and 80% (95% CI 73, 85) for DART (hazard ratio = 0.84, 95% CI 0.59, 1.21, p = 0.4). Thirteen of 345 (3.8%) participants had salvage cystectomy. Grade â„3 late toxicity was low. DART was safe and feasible to deliver, meeting preset toxicity thresholds. Disease-related outcomes are promising for dose-escalated treatments, with a low salvage cystectomy rate and overall survival similar to that seen in cystectomy cohorts
FĂ„r eWOM bestĂ€mma över din semester? : En kvalitativ studie om hur recensioner paÌverkar konsumenters koÌpbeslutsprocess vid bokning av hotell
Detta Àr en studie med syfte att undersöka hur eWOM kan pÄverka konsumenters köpbeslutsprocess vid bokning av hotell. Turistindustrin Àr en av de snabbast vÀxande sektorerna och orsaken till detta Àr att resenÀrers beteende förÀndrats under de senaste Ären. Konsumenter söker och bokar hotellvistelser pÄ ett helt annat sÀtt idag med hjÀlp av Internet och dess snabba teknologiska utveckling. ResenÀrers köpbeslutsprocess anses vara komplex av den anledning att den innehÄller ett flertal olika beslut, bÄde innan och under hotellvistelsens gÄng. eWOM Àr uppbyggt pÄ personliga Äsikter frÄn individer som kommit i kontakt med en produkt, tjÀnst eller varumÀrke. Detta innebÀr att informationen som delas via eWOM ofta Àr vinklad och sÄledes kan mottagarna av informationen ha svÄrt att bedöma hur trovÀrdig informationen Àr, detta kan ha negativa effekter pÄ sÄvÀl företag som konsumenter. Det hÀvdas att hotellindustrin Àr den sektor dÀr konsumenterna bedöms vara som mest engagerade för att samla information. Vid hotellbokning Àr konsumenterna involverade i informationssökningen, vilket Àr ett av de första stegen innan ett kommande köpbeslut. Det finns ett flertal olika faktorer som har betydelse för köpprocessen och konsumenter vÀnder sig gÀrna till andra kÀllor Àn hotellets egna för att söka information som inte gÄr att finna pÄ bokningssidan. Studien avgrÀnsas till hotellbranschen och för att genomföras studeras olika teorier för att fÄ bakgrundsinformation kring Àmnet. Utöver detta har en kvalitativ intervjustudie genomförts med Ätta respondenter i olika Äldrar med tidigare erfarenhet av att boka hotell. Intervjun Àr uppdelad i tvÄ delar, den första delen som en semistrukturerad intervju och den andra likt en ostrukturerad intervju med ett kreativt inslag. Detta gjordes för att bÄde lyckas samla information om hur respondenterna upplever sin köpbeslutsprocess samt för att observera hur de faktiskt agerar. Intervjustudien gav inblick i hur konsumenter blir pÄverkade av positiv som negativ eWOM, samt vilka faktorer som Àr viktiga för recensioners trovÀrdighet. Det har uppmÀrksammats att respondenterna i vissa sammanhang Àr motsÀgelsefulla dÄ exempelvis ingen av dem reflekterar över vem som skrivit omdömet sÄvida det inte framgÄr i den skrivna texten trots att de anser att det Àr viktigt för trovÀrdigheten. Med utgÄngspunkt i studiens syfte gÄr det att dra slutsatser kring att flertalet konsumenter har en positiv syn pÄ eWOM och tycker att det Àr ett nödvÀndigt hjÀlpmedel i dess köpbeslutsprocess för att kunna boka hotell online. NÀr hotell uppfyller konsumentens behov ges incitament för en bokning. Om ett hotell skulle sakna recensioner upplever konsumenter att de har inte har tillrÀckligt med underlag för att boka. För att konsumenter ska ta till sig av recensioner behöver de Àven uppleva dem som trovÀrdiga. Det rÄder dock delade meningar om vad som uppfattas som trovÀrdigt i en recension och det kan kopplas till konsumentens individuella kriterier. En av de frÀmsta faktorerna som tycks vara gemensam för trovÀrdighet Àr att recensionerna bör överensstÀmma. Negativa recensioner kan pÄverka konsumenter olika mycket beroende pÄ antal samt huruvida de överensstÀmmer med varandra. Ett flertal negativa recensioner som pÄpekar samma faktorer kan resultera i att konsumenten vÀljer att inte bok
Inclusion of Students With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and Postsecondary Outcomes: A Systematic Literature Review
The purpose of this systematic literature review was to examine the association between inclusive education and postsecondary outcomes for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). Despite decades-long advocacy efforts, most individuals with IDD never achieve meaningful paid employment or enroll in postsecondary education after graduation from high school. Although educational and workforce legislation has emphasized both inclusive education and competitive integrated employment for youth with IDD, no previous reviews have examined the strength of evidence for the former as a pathway to positive postsecondary outcomes. This systematic literature review searched peer-reviewed articles published between 1997 and 2018. A total of nine studies met inclusion criteria. The majority of studies found positive effects for inclusive education on either postsecondary employment or education using correlational designs. Limitations to the included studies, implications and recommendations for practice, policy, and future research are discussed
Sparing healthy tissue and increasing tumor dose using bayesian modeling of geometric uncertainties for planning target volume personalization
OBJECTIVE: To develop a mathematical tool that can update a patient's planning target volume (PTV) partway through a course of radiation therapy to more precisely target the tumor for the remainder of treatment and reduce dose to surrounding healthy tissue. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Daily on-board imaging was used to collect large datasets of displacements for patients undergoing external beam radiation therapy for solid tumors. Bayesian statistical modeling of these geometric uncertainties was used to optimally trade off between displacement data collected from previously treated patients and the progressively accumulating data from a patient currently partway through treatment, to optimally predict future displacements for that patient. These predictions were used to update the PTV position and margin width for the remainder of treatment, such that the clinical target volume (CTV) was more precisely targeted. RESULTS: Software simulation of dose to CTV and normal tissue for 2 real prostate displacement datasets consisting of 146 and 290 patients treated with a minimum of 30 fractions each showed that re-evaluating the PTV position and margin width after 8 treatment fractions reduced healthy tissue dose by 19% and 17%, respectively, while maintaining CTV dose. CONCLUSION: Incorporating patient-specific displacement patterns from early in a course of treatment allows PTV adaptation for the remainder of treatment. This substantially reduces the dose to healthy tissues and thus can reduce radiation therapy-induced toxicities, improving patient outcomes