Towards A Wider Scope For The Duty Of Care Of Host Internet Service Providers The Case Of Eva Glawischnig-Pies V Facebook Final Version

In the judgment of Glawischnig-Piesczek v Facebook (C-18/18), the ECJ deviates from the existing judicial approach and deploys a widerinterpretation of the scope of a duty of care; imposing a set of broader obligations to host ISPs. It isthis widerscope for a duty of care which might come in conflict with a cluster of EU provisions and EU case law. In this light, this article critically examines the problematic aspects of this decision and its implications for the business welfare of host ISPs, the fundamental rights of internet users and the personality rights of victims of defamatory comments

Use of Filters by Online Intermediaries and the Rights of Users: Developments in the European Union, Mexico, India and China

Digitisation of content has facilitated dissemination of information. Most content today is accessed through internet intermediaries who facilitate the uploading, discovery, sharing, delivery and receipt of information. The web, or the participative web as it is commonly known, is considered a place for exchanging content as well as a mechanism enabling creators to reach greater audiences for their works. Despite the advantages of disseminating content online, internet intermediaries have been the hearth of copyright infringements. Public consultation on the modernization of the enforcement of intellectual property rights in 2016 in the European Union drew attention to concerns with the emergence of new internet service providers while the report of the European Union Intellectual Property Office examining consumption of copyright-infringing content, of TV programmes, music and film in the 28 EU Member States drew highlighted numerous issues. Policymakers responded and introduced new legislative frameworks and forced internet intermediaries to deploy technological tools to terminate or curb the circulation of unauthorized content. The response was reflected in various jurisdictions including the European Union, Mexico and India. Developments in relation to Copyright in the Digital Single Market Directive are described. The adoption of filters by online intermediaries to block or filter the content of websites and networks to prevent or stop infringements by users is described and the subsequent concerns identified. Restrictive measures taken have been subject to criticism due to the high margin of error. Filter technology mechanisms are not always able to identify lawful content related to copyright exceptions, sometimes removing content unnecessarily which leads to censorship of content available to users. Technological measures might pose obstacles to the right of freedom of expression, the right to receive information and the violation of the fundamental rights of users. An array of measures dealing with the issues is presented

Towards a wider scope for the duty of care of host internet service providers: The case of Eva Glawischnig-Piesczek v Facebook

In the judgment of Glawischnig-Piesczek v Facebook (C-18/18) , the ECJ deviates from the existing judicial approach and deploys a wider interpretation of the scope of a duty of care; imposing a set of broader obligations to host ISPs. It is this wider scope for a duty of care which might come in conflict with a cluster of EU provisions and EU case law. In this light, this article critically examines the problematic aspects of this decision and its implications for the business welfare of host ISPs, the fundamental rights of internet users and the personality rights of victims of defamatory comments

Use of Filters by Online Intermediaries and the Rights of Users: Developments in the European Union, Mexico, India and China

Digitisation of content has facilitated dissemination of information. Most content today is accessed through internet intermediaries who facilitate the uploading, discovery, sharing, delivery and receipt of information. The web, or the participative web as it is commonly known, is considered a place for exchanging content as well as a mechanism enabling creators to reach greater audiences for their works. Despite the advantages of disseminating content online, internet intermediaries have been the hearth of copyright infringements. Public consultation on the modernization of the enforcement of intellectual property rights in 2016 in the European Union drew attention to concerns with the emergence of new internet service providers while the report of the European Union Intellectual Property Office examining consumption of copyright-infringing content, of TV programmes, music and film in the 28 EU Member States drew highlighted numerous issues. Policymakers responded and introduced new legislative frameworks and forced internet intermediaries to deploy technological tools to terminate or curb the circulation of unauthorized content. The response was reflected in various jurisdictions including the European Union, Mexico and India. Developments in relation to Copyright in the Digital Single Market Directive are described. The adoption of filters by online intermediaries to block or filter the content of websites and networks to prevent or stop infringements by users is described and the subsequent concerns identified. Restrictive measures taken have been subject to criticism due to the high margin of error. Filter technology mechanisms are not always able to identify lawful content related to copyright exceptions, sometimes removing content unnecessarily which leads to censorship of content available to users. Technological measures might pose obstacles to the right of freedom of expression, the right to receive information and the violation of the fundamental rights of users. An array of measures dealing with the issues is presented

Towards A Wider Scope For The Duty Of Care Of Host Internet Service Providers The Case Of Eva Glawischnig-Pies V Facebook Final Version

In the judgment of Glawischnig-Piesczek v Facebook (C-18/18), the ECJ deviates from the existing judicial approach and deploys a widerinterpretation of the scope of a duty of care; imposing a set of broader obligations to host ISPs. It isthis widerscope for a duty of care which might come in conflict with a cluster of EU provisions and EU case law. In this light, this article critically examines the problematic aspects of this decision and its implications for the business welfare of host ISPs, the fundamental rights of internet users and the personality rights of victims of defamatory comments

Evolution of mechanical and optical properties of french fries obtained by hot air-frying

The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of frying technique (air-frying and deep oil-frying) and type of pre-treatment (freezing and blanching) on the evolution of mechanical and optical properties of French fries. The results showed that the chromatic parameters, a* and b*, experimented an increase regardless of the frying method. The increase in a* was significantly higher in deep-oil frying as a result of Maillard's reactions. The texture analysis reported a first stage of initial softening related to starch gelatinization followed by a second stage where the maximum force increased due to the gradual formation of a crust, both stages being faster in deep-oil frying. Pre-frozen potatoes presented the highest value of maximum force parameter independent of the type of fryingAuthors would like to thank to the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (PAID-06-09-2876) for the financial support given to this investigation.Heredia Gutiérrez, AB.; Castelló Gómez, ML.; Argüelles Foix, AL.; Andrés Grau, AM. (2014). Evolution of mechanical and optical properties of french fries obtained by hot air-frying. LWT - Food Science and Technology. 57(2):755-760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2014.02.038S75576057

Effect of different disinfecting procedures on the hardness and color stability of two maxillofacial elastomers over time

Objective Disinfection procedures often cause deterioration in a maxillofacial prosthesis. Color and hardness alterations could lead to a replacement of the prosthesis. Material and Methods An experimental chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) and a commercial polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) sample were treated with four different disinfection procedures for a period which simulates 1 year of clinical service. The applied disinfection procedures included microwave exposure and immersion in three solutions, sodium hypochlorite, neutral soap and a commercial disinfecting soap. Shore A hardness (∆H) and color differences (∆E) were determined before and after each procedure. All data were analyzed by Two Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc tests at a level of α=0.05. Results The samples presented significant alterations in color and hardness after the different disinfection treatments. The color differences (∆E) were at least eye detectable in all cases and clinically unacceptable in most of the cases, with values ranging from 1.51 to 4.15 and from 1.54 to 5.92 for the PDMS and CPE material, respectively. Hardness was decreased after all the disinfection procedures in the PDMS, while for the CPE, a decrement was observed after disinfection with sodium hypochlorite and neutral soap and an increment after microwave exposure and the disinfection with a commercial antimicrobial agent. The PDMS samples presented greater alterations in color and hardness after disinfection with sodium hypochlorite solution, while the microwave exposure caused negligible effects. The CPE samples were affected most after disinfection when treated with neutral soap, and more slightly when disinfected with sodium hypochlorite solution. Conclusions The disinfection procedures caused alterations in color and hardness of the examined materials. The most suitable disinfection procedure for the PDMS material is microwave exposure, while disinfection with sodium hypochlorite solution is not recommended. The CPE material is suggested to be disinfected with sodium hypochlorite solution and the use of neutral soap is not recommended. Comparing the two materials, the PDMS material is most color stable, while the CPE material presented fewer changes in hardness

In silico Transcriptional Regulatory Networks Involved in Tomato Fruit Ripening

ABSTRACTTomato fruit ripening is a complex developmental programme partly mediated by transcriptional regulatory networks. Several transcription factors (TFs) which are members of gene families such as MADS-box and ERF were shown to play a significant role in ripening through interconnections into an intricate network. The accumulation of large datasets of expression profiles corresponding to different stages of tomato fruit ripening and the availability of bioinformatics tools for their analysis provide an opportunity to identify TFs which might regulate gene clusters with similar co-expression patterns. We identified two TFs, a SlWRKY22-like and a SlER24 transcriptional activator which were shown to regulate modules by using the LeMoNe algorithm for the analysis of our microarray datasets representing four stages of fruit ripening, breaker, turning, pink and red ripe. The WRKY22-like module comprised a subgroup of six various calcium sensing transcripts with similar to the TF expression patterns according to real time PCR validation. A promoter motif search identified a cis acting element, the W-box, recognized by WRKY TFs that was present in the promoter region of all six calcium sensing genes. Moreover, publicly available microarray datasets of similar ripening stages were also analyzed with LeMoNe resulting in TFs such as SlERF.E1, SlERF.C1, SlERF.B2, SLERF.A2, SlWRKY24, SLWRKY37 and MADS-box/TM29 which might also play an important role in regulation of ripening. These results suggest that the SlWRKY22-like might be involved in the coordinated regulation of expression of the six calcium sensing genes. Conclusively the LeMoNe tool might lead to the identification of putative TF targets for further physiological analysis as regulators of tomato fruit ripening

Monetary policy and herd behavior: international evidence

This paper is motivated by the recent discussion on the need of market supervisors, regulators, and policy makers, to take into account the behavioral elements of market participant attitudes and psychological and cognitive biases when taking policy decisions. We contribute to the discussion by studying, for the first time, the relationship between conventional and unconventional central bank monetary policy and herd behavior in equity markets, and argue that the transmission channel, through which monetary policy may affect herd behavior, is economic expectations and investor sentiment. We combine a range of research methodologies to measure monetary policy, herd behavior, and their possible relation, and our results indicate that conventional and unconventional Fed monetary policy explains a significant percentage of US equity market herd behavior variance, while ECB monetary policy explains a lower percentage of Eurozone herding variance. Impulse Response Functions indicate that Fed’s conventional expansionary policy and non-standard policy reduces the levels of herding in the US equity market, while conventional ECB expansionary policy induces higher levels of herding in Spain and Italy. We also detect spill-over effects from Fed monetary policy to EU market herd behavior