Interventionelle Bltungen, Hämatome und Narbenbildung nach stereotaxiegesteuerter Vakuumbiopsie : Mammotome®-System 11G/8G vs. ATEC® 12G/9G

Untersucht werden die Zusammenhänge zwischen interventionellen Blutungen, Hämatomen und Narbenbildung nach stereotaxiegesteuerter Vakuumbiopsie bei Anwendung verschiedener Vakuumbiopsiesysteme sowie Nadelgrößen

Der Körper als Medium der Selbstdarstellung

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Qualität des Verhältnisses zum Körper und wie diese verbessert werden kann im Sinne einer selbstbestimmten Lebensführung. Mit Gunter Gebauer und Christoph Wulf (1998) wird hier die Vorgehensweise der Pädagogik als Stillstellung des Körpers, Disziplinierung und einem Zwang zum Verzicht auf Spontanität und Expressivität kritisiert. Mit der qualitativen Studie über das Verhältnis von Studentinnen und Studenten die Kampfkunst praktizieren zu ihrem Körper und der damit verbundenen Selbstdarstellung, wird genaueres Wissen zu dieser Beziehung bereitgestellt und damit zum Verständnis der Qualität des Verhältnisses zum Körper beigetragen. Die These dabei ist: Sich selbst über seinen Körper und nicht nur über das Denken eine Form geben zu können ist wesentlich für eine selbstbestimmten Lebensführung.This paper will discuss the quality of the relation to the body and how it can be improved in terms of a self-determined living. Following Gunter Gebauer and Christoph Wulf (1998) the current educational approach will be criticized as a disciplinary mechanism and constraint to repress spontaneity and bodily expression. The qualitative research about the relation of students which practice martial arts to their body and the related self-display will provide more precise knowledege about this relation and will contribute to the understanding of the quality of the relation to the body. The thesis of this paper is: It is essential for a self-determined living to be able to give oneself a shape not only by means of mind, but also ones body

Several wall-associated kinases participate positively and negatively in basal defense against rice blast fungus.

BACKGROUND: Receptor-like kinases are well-known to play key roles in disease resistance. Among them, the Wall-associated kinases (WAKs) have been shown to be positive regulators of fungal disease resistance in several plant species. WAK genes are often transcriptionally regulated during infection but the pathways involved in this regulation are not known. In rice, the OsWAK gene family is significantly amplified compared to Arabidopsis. The possibility that several WAKs participate in different ways to basal defense has not been addressed. Moreover, the direct requirement of rice OSWAK genes in regulating defense has not been explored. RESULTS: Here we show using rice (Oryza sativa) loss-of-function mutants of four selected OsWAK genes, that individual OsWAKs are required for quantitative resistance to the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. While OsWAK14, OsWAK91 and OsWAK92 positively regulate quantitative resistance, OsWAK112d is a negative regulator of blast resistance. In addition, we show that the very early transcriptional regulation of the rice OsWAK genes is triggered by chitin and is partially under the control of the chitin receptor CEBiP. Finally, we show that OsWAK91 is required for H2O2 production and sufficient to enhance defense gene expression during infection. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the rice OsWAK genes studied are part of basal defense response, potentially mediated by chitin from fungal cell walls. This work also shows that some OsWAKs, like OsWAK112d, may act as negative regulators of disease resistance

An Atypical Kinase under Balancing Selection Confers Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance in Arabidopsis

The failure of gene-for-gene resistance traits to provide durable and broad-spectrum resistance in an agricultural context has led to the search for genes underlying quantitative resistance in plants. Such genes have been identified in only a few cases, all for fungal or nematode resistance, and encode diverse molecular functions. However, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of quantitative resistance variation to other enemies and the associated evolutionary forces shaping this variation remain largely unknown. We report the identification, map-based cloning and functional validation of QRX3 (RKS1, Resistance related KinaSe 1), conferring broad-spectrum resistance to Xanthomonas campestris (Xc), a devastating worldwide bacterial vascular pathogen of crucifers. RKS1 encodes an atypical kinase that mediates a quantitative resistance mechanism in plants by restricting bacterial spread from the infection site. Nested Genome-Wide Association mapping revealed a major locus corresponding to an allelic series at RKS1 at the species level. An association between variation in resistance and RKS1 transcription was found using various transgenic lines as well as in natural accessions, suggesting that regulation of RKS1 expression is a major component of quantitative resistance to Xc. The co-existence of long lived RKS1 haplotypes in A. thaliana is shared with a variety of genes involved in pathogen recognition, suggesting common selective pressures. The identification of RKS1 constitutes a starting point for deciphering the mechanisms underlying broad spectrum quantitative disease resistance that is effective against a devastating and vascular crop pathogen. Because putative RKS1 orthologous have been found in other Brassica species, RKS1 provides an exciting opportunity for plant breeders to improve resistance to black rot in crops.</p

Evolution moléculaire de loci effecteurs et de gènes d'avirulence chez Magnaporthe oryzae, champignon pathogène de riz et d'autres Poacées : [P02/07]

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Could bacteriophages be used as a novel pest management tool to control gut endosymbionts in Western Flower Thrips?

Several species of Thysanoptera are considered agricultural pests, especially Frankliniella occidentalis (Western Flower Thrips, WFT). The damage WFT causes to plants can either be direct by feeding and oviposition activity or indirect by WFT serving as vectors for several plant viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Properties of WFT like polyphagy, cryptic lifestyle, fast reproduction and the ability to quickly develop insecticide resistance make them difficult to control. Alternative pest management tactics are thus in high demand. Potential targets are the facultative or obligate endosymbionts that affect the life history parameters of WFT. The known endosymbionts of WFT: BFo1/BFo2 (B = bacteria, Fo = Frankliniella occidentalis, number indicate different types) positively influence their fertility and development. Elimination of these endosymbionts could result in a decreased individual reproduction level and decreased population growth. Bacteriophages specific against BFo1/BFo2 were isolated and characterized and were applied in a no-choice feeding assay to female WFT. Antibiotic and sugar solutions served as controls. Phage-treated thrips showed no significant difference in survival, fecundity, oviposition rate or developmental time of the progeny compared to the control, whereas antibiotic treatment caused a decline in survival, fecundity, and oviposition rate, but not in the developmental time of offspring. The results showed a rapid decline of the bacteriophage concentration in the feed solution, which the WFT salivary gland products might cause. The complex relationship between thrips, endosymbionts and bacteriophages, needs further attention before bacteriophages could be used as potential management tools