Conflict of laws and jurisdiction stemming from reputation infringement of the Internet

Kao „višak vrednosti“ generisan u uzajamnim interakcijama, svakako već od samih začetaka ljudske zajednice, reputacija predstavlja svojevrsnu nematerijalnu imovinu koja direktno utiče na čitav niz ličnih svojstava, prava i dobara. Sa milenijumskim nasleđem iz običajnih prava različitih kultura u čitavom svetu, razvojem sve složenijih društvenih odnosa, aspekti reputacije vremenom su stekli svoje mesto u pozitivnom pravu evropskih jurisdikcija odakle se, kroz kolonijalni uticaj, odgovarajuća pravna praksa širila na druge kontinente. Tokom Novog veka utemeljene su neke od osnovnih razlika u pristupu reputaciji dva dominantna pravna sistema, kontinentalnog i angloameričkog, no oba čuvaju ključni smisao i kontekst ovog značajnog regulatornog mehanizma društva. Iako je reč o apstraktnom pojmu, reputacija čini sastavni deo identiteta i lično dobro a podložna je kvalifikovanju i kvantifikaciji, pri čemu se preklapa sa nekim od najvažnijih javnih interesa poput slobodnog informisanja, odnosno ljudskih prava na slobodno izražavanje i pristup informacijama od javnog značaja. Po sličnim zakonitostima, u društvenom okviru generiše se i reputacija poslovnih i drugih organizacija, proizvoda i usluga koja takođe predstavlja predmet pravne zaštite.As a „surplus value“ generated in mutual interactions, certainly from the very beginnings of primordial human communities, reputation presents a certain immaterial asset which directly influences a wide range of personal traits, rights and goods. With a millennium old heritage in customary laws of various cultures throughout the world, due to the ever more complex social relations, aspects of reputation gained their place in European jurisdictions' positive law, spreading through colonial influence pertinent legal practices on other continents. Historical modernity saw setting up of some of the basic differences in treating reputation among the two dominant legal systems, civil and common laws, while both kept essential purpose and context of this vital regulatory social mechanism. Although it is an abstract concept, reputation makes an integral part of identity and is a personal good, while being qualifiable and quantifiable, overlapping some of the most important issues of public interest like freedom of information, i.e. human rights to free expression and access to information of public importance. Under similar rules within societal framework, reputation of commercial and other organisations, products and services is generated, and is also subject to legal protection. Personal and commercial reputation have their source in a “reputational lake” which is, seemingly uncontrollable, filled with relevant information relating to the reputation holder, their background, features, decisions and actions, that are valuated against prevailing social norms and possible changes in socially acceptable behaviour, as well as against prognoses of probable actions given a future opportunity or crisis

Finansowe, bilansowe i podatkowe konsekwencje ataku typu ransomware

Ransomware is a prime cybersecurity threat at the moment. In this paper we analyze financial implications of ransomware attacks, motivation of the ransomware victim to pay ransom, and legal, accounting and tax implications of such payment. The methodological approach used in the study is a combination of formal-dogmatic method and argumentative literature review. First, we provide an overview of all potential losses which could be incurred by the ransomware attack. Further, we analyze under which conditions is legal to pay any kind of ransom, including cyber ransom, as an organization as well as which other considerations victims should consider when deciding to pay ransom. In that respect we analyze accounting and tax implications of losses inflicted by the ransomware attack, putting special attention to the ransom payments.Oprogramowanie typu ransomware jest obecnie istotnym zagrożeniem w zakresie cyberbezpieczeństwa. W niniejszym artykule analizujemy finansowe konsekwencje ataków typu ransomware, a także motywy zapłaty okupu przez ofiarę takiego ataku oraz prawne, bilansowe i podatkowe konsekwencje takiej zapłaty. Podejście metodologiczne zastosowane w pracy stanowi połączenie metody formalno-dogmatycznej z metodą krytyki literatury. Na początku opisujemy wszelkie potencjalne straty, jakie mogą wynikać z ataku ransomware. Następnie poddajemy analizie warunki, w których zapłata przez jednostkę organizacyjną okupu jakiegokolwiek rodzaju, w tym wymuszonego drogą komputerową, jest legalna, a także inne względy, które ofiara musi wziąć pod uwagę, decydując się na zapłatę okupu. W tym zakresie analizujemy bilansowe i podatkowe implikacje strat poniesionych na skutek ataku ransomware, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zapłaty okupu

Conflict of laws and jurisdiction stemming from reputation infringement of the Internet

Kao „višak vrednosti“ generisan u uzajamnim interakcijama, svakako već od samih začetaka ljudske zajednice, reputacija predstavlja svojevrsnu nematerijalnu imovinu koja direktno utiče na čitav niz ličnih svojstava, prava i dobara. Sa milenijumskim nasleđem iz običajnih prava različitih kultura u čitavom svetu, razvojem sve složenijih društvenih odnosa, aspekti reputacije vremenom su stekli svoje mesto u pozitivnom pravu evropskih jurisdikcija odakle se, kroz kolonijalni uticaj, odgovarajuća pravna praksa širila na druge kontinente. Tokom Novog veka utemeljene su neke od osnovnih razlika u pristupu reputaciji dva dominantna pravna sistema, kontinentalnog i angloameričkog, no oba čuvaju ključni smisao i kontekst ovog značajnog regulatornog mehanizma društva. Iako je reč o apstraktnom pojmu, reputacija čini sastavni deo identiteta i lično dobro a podložna je kvalifikovanju i kvantifikaciji, pri čemu se preklapa sa nekim od najvažnijih javnih interesa poput slobodnog informisanja, odnosno ljudskih prava na slobodno izražavanje i pristup informacijama od javnog značaja. Po sličnim zakonitostima, u društvenom okviru generiše se i reputacija poslovnih i drugih organizacija, proizvoda i usluga koja takođe predstavlja predmet pravne zaštite.As a „surplus value“ generated in mutual interactions, certainly from the very beginnings of primordial human communities, reputation presents a certain immaterial asset which directly influences a wide range of personal traits, rights and goods. With a millennium old heritage in customary laws of various cultures throughout the world, due to the ever more complex social relations, aspects of reputation gained their place in European jurisdictions' positive law, spreading through colonial influence pertinent legal practices on other continents. Historical modernity saw setting up of some of the basic differences in treating reputation among the two dominant legal systems, civil and common laws, while both kept essential purpose and context of this vital regulatory social mechanism. Although it is an abstract concept, reputation makes an integral part of identity and is a personal good, while being qualifiable and quantifiable, overlapping some of the most important issues of public interest like freedom of information, i.e. human rights to free expression and access to information of public importance. Under similar rules within societal framework, reputation of commercial and other organisations, products and services is generated, and is also subject to legal protection. Personal and commercial reputation have their source in a “reputational lake” which is, seemingly uncontrollable, filled with relevant information relating to the reputation holder, their background, features, decisions and actions, that are valuated against prevailing social norms and possible changes in socially acceptable behaviour, as well as against prognoses of probable actions given a future opportunity or crisis

Conflict of laws and jurisdiction stemming from reputation infringement of the Internet

Kao „višak vrednosti“ generisan u uzajamnim interakcijama, svakako već od samih začetaka ljudske zajednice, reputacija predstavlja svojevrsnu nematerijalnu imovinu koja direktno utiče na čitav niz ličnih svojstava, prava i dobara. Sa milenijumskim nasleđem iz običajnih prava različitih kultura u čitavom svetu, razvojem sve složenijih društvenih odnosa, aspekti reputacije vremenom su stekli svoje mesto u pozitivnom pravu evropskih jurisdikcija odakle se, kroz kolonijalni uticaj, odgovarajuća pravna praksa širila na druge kontinente. Tokom Novog veka utemeljene su neke od osnovnih razlika u pristupu reputaciji dva dominantna pravna sistema, kontinentalnog i angloameričkog, no oba čuvaju ključni smisao i kontekst ovog značajnog regulatornog mehanizma društva. Iako je reč o apstraktnom pojmu, reputacija čini sastavni deo identiteta i lično dobro a podložna je kvalifikovanju i kvantifikaciji, pri čemu se preklapa sa nekim od najvažnijih javnih interesa poput slobodnog informisanja, odnosno ljudskih prava na slobodno izražavanje i pristup informacijama od javnog značaja. Po sličnim zakonitostima, u društvenom okviru generiše se i reputacija poslovnih i drugih organizacija, proizvoda i usluga koja takođe predstavlja predmet pravne zaštite.As a „surplus value“ generated in mutual interactions, certainly from the very beginnings of primordial human communities, reputation presents a certain immaterial asset which directly influences a wide range of personal traits, rights and goods. With a millennium old heritage in customary laws of various cultures throughout the world, due to the ever more complex social relations, aspects of reputation gained their place in European jurisdictions' positive law, spreading through colonial influence pertinent legal practices on other continents. Historical modernity saw setting up of some of the basic differences in treating reputation among the two dominant legal systems, civil and common laws, while both kept essential purpose and context of this vital regulatory social mechanism. Although it is an abstract concept, reputation makes an integral part of identity and is a personal good, while being qualifiable and quantifiable, overlapping some of the most important issues of public interest like freedom of information, i.e. human rights to free expression and access to information of public importance. Under similar rules within societal framework, reputation of commercial and other organisations, products and services is generated, and is also subject to legal protection. Personal and commercial reputation have their source in a “reputational lake” which is, seemingly uncontrollable, filled with relevant information relating to the reputation holder, their background, features, decisions and actions, that are valuated against prevailing social norms and possible changes in socially acceptable behaviour, as well as against prognoses of probable actions given a future opportunity or crisis

Impact of general data protection regulation on children's rights in digital environment

Raising the age of consent to data processing to 16 and allowing member states to set it at a lower age, was one of the major points of argument in the wake of passing the new EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), otherwise hailed for introducing the Article 8 that recognizes children as a vulnerable group. This paper analyzes legal grounds for concerns raised over the provisions related to personal data protection of minors, possible ramifications and remedies within the given framework. It also highlights innovations and positive solutions set in the GDPR, with respect to privacy risks and opportunities for children in the information society

Tableting properties of microcrystalline cellulose obtained from wheat straw measured with a single punch bench top tablet press

The objective of this work was to study the relation between the manufacturing conditions of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), its physicochemical properties and its tableting behavior. Two different preparation procedures were used to produce MCC from wheat straw, utilizing an acid hydrolysis method, either using only sulfuric acid or combination of sulfuric and hydrochloric acid. The tableting behavior of obtained MCC samples and mixtures of MCC with ibuprofen was studied using a dynamic powder compaction analyzer. It was observed that some of the obtained MCC samples showed better flowing properties than commercially available Vivapur® PH101 and also very high values of tensile strength, solid fraction and elastic recovery. This can be linked with its good compaction behavior, but on the other hand it can cause problems with the disintegration of the tablets. In mixtures with ibuprofen, MCC samples showed lower values of tensile strength, while on the other hand elastic recovery did not seem to be much affected, still exhibiting very high values. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that MCC obtained from the agricultural waste could have satisfactory properties for tablet preparation by the direct compression method. Further studies are needed to optimize process conditions in order to achieve better physicochemical characteristics, especially in terms of elastic recovery

Carotid endarterectomy in cervical block anesthesia in patients with occluded contralateral internal carotid artery

Introduction: The goal of modern carotid surgery is relief of symptoms, stroke prevention, improvement in quality of life, prevention of vascular dementia, and prolongation of lifetime. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper was to compare the outcome of carotid endarterectomy in cervical block vs. general anesthesia in patients with occluded contralateral internal carotid artery (ICA). METHOD: One hundred patients (76 male, 24 female, mean age 60.81 years) with occluded contralateral ICA were operated from 1997-2000. Neurological symptomatology, deficiency and stroke incidence were preoperatively analyzed in two groups. Duplex-scanning, angiograms and CT-scan confirmed the diagnosis. Risk factors analysis included hypertension, diabetes, lipid metabolism disorders, smoking and history of CAD, CABG and PAOD. Morbidity and mortality were used to compare the outcome of surgery in two groups. RESULTS There was no difference of age, gender and symptomatology between the groups. Paresis, TIA and dysphasia were most frequent. 70%-90% of ICA stenosis was seen in the majority of patients. Hypertension and smoking were dominant risk factors in these two groups. Eversion carotid end arterectomy was the most frequent technique used. In three cases out of nine that were operated under cervical block, the neurological symptoms developed just after clamping, so the intra-luminal shunt was placed. Postoperative morbidity was 12% and mortality was 8%. Conclusion: There was no difference of preoperative parameters, surgical technique and outcome in these two groups. Without other intraoperative monitoring, cervical block anesthesia might be an option in patients with the occlusion of the contralateral ICA. However, prospective studies involving more patients are needed

Tableting properties of microcrystalline cellulose obtained from wheat straw measured with a single punch bench top tablet press

The objective of this work was to study the relation between the manufacturing conditions of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), its physicochemical properties and its tableting behavior. Two different preparation procedures were used to produce MCC from wheat straw, utilizing an acid hydrolysis method, either using only sulfuric acid or combination of sulfuric and hydrochloric acid. The tableting behavior of obtained MCC samples and mixtures of MCC with ibuprofen was studied using a dynamic powder compaction analyzer. It was observed that some of the obtained MCC samples showed better flowing properties than commercially available Vivapur® PH101 and also very high values of tensile strength, solid fraction and elastic recovery. This can be linked with its good compaction behavior, but on the other hand it can cause problems with the disintegration of the tablets. In mixtures with ibuprofen, MCC samples showed lower values of tensile strength, while on the other hand elastic recovery did not seem to be much affected, still exhibiting very high values. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that MCC obtained from the agricultural waste could have satisfactory properties for tablet preparation by the direct compression method. Further studies are needed to optimize process conditions in order to achieve better physicochemical characteristics, especially in terms of elastic recovery