Kehalisest kasvatusest vabastamiste analüüs aastate kaupa ühe kooli näitel

Uurimistöö analüüsib tervisetõendite sisu ja rolli kooliprogrammis ettenähtud kehalise kasvatuse eesmärkide täitmisel nelja õppeaasta jooksul ajavahemikul 01.09.2000–06.06.2005 Tabasalu Ühisgümnaasiumis. Tõendeid iseloomustavateks tunnusteks olid tõendi väljaandja, tõendi kestus ja tõendil märgitud vabastuse põhjus. Neid tunnuseid võrreldi erinevate vanuserühmade ning poiste ja tüdrukute vahel. Ilmnes, et suurimad kehalisest kasvatusest vabastajad on lapsevanemad, kes annavad ka valdava osa ühepäevastest tõenditest; haigusest taastumiseks ettenähtud tõendid täieliku vabastusena kehalisest kasvatusest annavad välja mitteprofessionaalid ning vabastuste hulk ohustab õppekava ülesannete saavutamist. Eesti Arst 2008; 87(11):853−85

Relationship between isokinetic muscle strength and 100 meters finswimming time

Finswimming is a sport where athlete uses one big monofin to produce propulsion. The purpose of this study was to describe relationship between isokinetic strength of different muscle groups and 100 meters finswimming time. Study questions was: what muscle groups have relationship with finswimming time. Methods: 17 international level monfin swimmers, 9 male (age 16,9 ±1,8 yrs., height 180,0 ± 10.0 cm., weight 76.0±6.9 kg) and 8 female finswimmers ( age 17,6 ±4,7 yrs., height 170,0 ± 10.0 cm., weight 68,6 ± 13,5 kg) performed 100 meters monofin surface swim and where also tested within a two days on isokinetic dynamometer (knee, hip and trunk extensors and flexors at angular speeds of 60°/sec ). Force data at angles from 0-90 degrees with 10 degree step were used for correlation. Results: There was a strong correlation (p<0.05) between swimming time and knee extensors (r=-0.82 at angle 50°), hip flexors (r=-0.70 at angle 10°) and trunk flexors (r =-0.77 at angle 20°) in male swimmers. Surprisingly, we did not find corresponding correlations among female finswimmers. Conclusion: Current study found relationship between strength of main muscle groups and swimming speed only in male swimmers. It is expected that strength plays a role in swimming time, but the lack of relationship in female swimmers suggests at the need to introduce a measure of swimming effectiveness instead of pure resultant time. The proposed hypothesis is further supported by the high level of competence among study participants (incl. multiple European champion, and several finalists)

Sprint cycling performance and asymmetry

The purpose of this study was to examine the asymmetries in cyclist’s lower limbs strength and in the pedalling kinematics during a seated sprinting test and to identify the relationships between asymmetries and maximal cycling power. 16 competitive road cyclists (20.6±3.7 yrs., 181.5±5.0 cm, 74.8±7.0 kg) performed 10 Sec isokinetic maximum power test with cadence 120 RPM. The asymmetry of kinematic patterns of cyclist’s upper and lower body during pedalling was registered. Separately isokinetic peak torque (PT) of main lover limbs joint were measured at angular speeds 60, 180 and 240/s. The differences in kinematic patterns and isokinetic PT values between two limbs were analysed for descriptive and inferential statistics (relative share in %, correlations and regression between asymmetry values and cycling power). Conclusion: The highest asymmetries were found in cyclist’s upper body kinematics and at the same time the most symmetrical were knee extensors strength values, but both parameters were negatively and significantly correlated with the performance of sprint cycling. By combining the leg extensors muscular strength with asymmetry of knee extensors strength and trunk kinematics the explanatory power of multiple regressions increased markedly from 0.68 to 0.92

Analysis of swimming technique among elite finswimmers

Finswimming is a sport where the athlete uses one big monofin to produce the propulsion. The purpose of this study was to describe the parameters of the swimming technique among elite class finswimmers. Methods: 18 elite level monofin swimmers, 10 male (age 25.3 ±5,2 height 182,3 ± 10.9 cm., weight 88.1±4.6 kg) and 8 female finswimmers ( age 24,5 ±3,7 yrs., height 171,1 ± 10.4 cm., weight 63,9 ± 5,1 kg) performed a 15 meter monofin surface swim at full speed. Swimming was registered with a stationary GoPro Silver 3+ underwater video camera at 60 frames/second. Recordings were carried out during the 2015 Finswimming World Championship in Yantai, China and 2016 Finswimming World Championships Volos, Greece. Collected video material was analysed with Race analyser program (Estonia). Results: The average speed of male swimmers was 3.07 ± 0.21 m/s and the stroke rate 130.9 ± 15.28 kick/min. Pitching of the hands was 18±3.86 cm, amplitude of the hip movement was 20.6±8.77 cm while the movement of the ankle was 43.6 ±9,72 cm. Knee bending angle during a kick was 124.7 ±5,41 deg, hip angle at the same time was 169±5.94 deg and angle of the hip at the end of a down beat was 148.6 ±7.95 deg. Female finswimmers had an average speed of 2,68 ±0.09 m/s and a stroke rate of 118,4 ±11.3 kick/min. Pitching of the hands was 15.3 ±6.3 cm, amplitude of hip movements was 16.38 ± 4.28 cm, ankle movement was 42.38±8,16 cm. Knee bending angle during a down beat was 121,5±8,12 deg and a hip angle at the same time was 167.25±6.48 deg. Angle of the hip at the end of a down beat was 148,86±8.82 deg. Conclusion: Current study found that elite men and women sprinter finswimmers can be typified according to characteristic swimming technique parameters in two classes: “fast” sprinters utilising speed of movements (S1) and “strong” sprinters with preference toward strength (S2). Further analysis is needed for confirmation

Cycling specific postural stability during incremental exercise: The relationship with cyclists Functional Movement Screen score

The purpose of this study was to characterise the changes in the power of the normalised ground reaction forces and COP swaying, as measures of the cycling stability and effectiveness of full body motion during an incremental cycling exercise; and to examine the relationships between cycling specific postural stability and cyclists ability to perform functional movements, measured by the FMS test.38 competitive road cyclists (19.2±2.3 yrs., 181.7±6.6 cm, 74.3±7.3 kg) performed Functional Movement Screen (FMS) test to evaluate their musculoskeletal state.  Experimental cycling exercise was performed using the cyclist’s personal racing bikes mounted on the cycling ergometer Cyclus 2, which were fixed on two Kistler 9286B force plate.  The 6 ground reaction force (GRF) components (3 linear and 3 angular), COP movement deviation and sway velocity were measured during incremental cycling exercise (step 2 min, increment 25W). Postural stability measures were calculated as power corrected standard deviations of COP and GRF components signals during 30 sec cycling in every incremental step. The paired t-test was used to control differences in postural stability measures between intensity levels and correlation analyses was used to evaluate relationships between postural stability and FMS scores. Results of the study indicate that most integrative cycling specific posture stability measure is COP sway velocity that is also most sensitive predictor of cyclist’s musculoskeletal state, measured by the FMS test.  During an incremental cycling exercise the power normalised postural swaying decreased up to the intensity at the level of anaerobic threshold and during the level of the maximal aerobic power the postural stability decreased significantly

Novel way for FMS score calculation highlights field of sport- specific information among young competitive athletes

Any complex movement encompasses information about a person’s abilities and disabilities. FMS™ test includes such exercise tests that have shown to reflect risk for injury in the athletic population. There are few reports where FMS™ score reflects certain sports to be more prone to injury. The inconsistency of results may arise from the way subtest scores are combined. Instead of a summation we propose to apply more justified method of geometric mean of subtest scores to tally the final composite score. We used tests on 215 young competitive athletes, 133 young female (age 17.35 ± 1,65) and 82 males (age 17,78± 2.1) from 8 fields of sport (volleyball, basketball, handball, fencing, judo, biathlon, cycling, soccer). Original FMS 21 point (FMS21) were used and for every participant’s arithmetic and geometric mean were calculated. The mean composite FMS™ score of young female athletes was 14.3±1.7 and for male’s 13.8±1.6 out of possible 21 total point. The comparison of sport-specific geometric mean values among girls showed that basketball players had significantly lower results than athletes from biathlon and handball players. Contrarily among boys the handball players had lowest values, being significantly lower from in cyclists, fencers and soccer players. Cyclists had also higher geometric mean values than volleyball players and judo athletes. Detailed analysis of the structure of differences is needed to highlight the specific causes impacting FMS_GM for assessment for seriousness and for specific exercises to potentially compensate for the sport specific detrimental effect on the kinematic chain

Does limited gear ratio driven higher training cadence in junior cycling reflect in maximum effort sprint?

Maximum gears for youth category riders are limited. As a result, youth category riders are regularly compelled to ride in a high cadence regime. The aim of this study was to investigate if regular work at high cadence regime due to limited transmission in youth category riders reflects in effectual cadence at the point of maximal power generation during the 10 second sprint effort. 24 junior and youth national team cyclist’s average maximal peak power at various cadence regimes was registered on Cyclus-2 ergometer using cyclists own bikes. Effectual cadence at the point of maximal power generation (group average 113.9±10.6 rpm) is similar to the values of professional road cyclist during the last 200m sprinting to finish where 10 second average cadence is 109.9±5.3 rpm and highest average cadence is 117.6±6.1 rpm. The premise that regular work at high cadence regime due to limited transmission in youth category riders reflects in effectual cadence at the point of maximal power generation during the 10 second sprint effort was not corroborated

Agreement between Ventilatory Thresholds and Bilaterally Measured Vastus Lateralis Muscle Oxygen Saturation Breakpoints in Trained Cyclists: Effects of Age and Performance

This study focused on comparing metabolic thresholds derived from local muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) signals, obtained using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), with global pulmonary ventilation rates measured at the mouth. It was conducted among various Age Groups within a well-trained cyclist population. Additionally, the study examined how cycling performance characteristics impact the discrepancies between ventilatory thresholds (VTs) and SmO2 breakpoints (BPs). Methods: Junior (n = 18) and Senior (n = 15) cyclists underwent incremental cycling tests to assess their aerobic performance and to determine aerobic (AeT) and anaerobic (AnT) threshold characteristics through pulmonary gas exchange and changes in linearity of the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle SmO2 signals. We compared the relative power (Pkg) at ventilatory thresholds (VTs) and breakpoints (BPs) for the nondominant (ND), dominant (DO), and bilaterally averaged (Avr) SmO2 during the agreement analysis. Additionally, a 30 s sprint test was performed to estimate anaerobic performance capabilities and to assess the cyclists’ phenotype, defined as the ratio of P@VT2 to the highest 5 s sprint power. Results: The Pkg@BP for Avr SmO2 had higher agreement with VT values than ND and DO. Avr SmO2 Pkg@BP1 was lower (p kg@VT1 (mean bias: 0.12 ± 0.29 W/kg; Limits of Agreement (LOA): −0.45 to 0.68 W/kg; R2 = 0.72) and mainly among Seniors (0.21 ± 0.22 W/kg; LOA: −0.22 to 0.63 W/kg); there was no difference (p > 0.05) between Avr Pkg@BP2 and Pkg@VT2 (0.03 ± 0.22 W/kg; LOA: −0.40 to 0.45 W/kg; R2 = 0.86). The bias between two methods correlated significantly with the phenotype (r = −0.385 and r = −0.515 for AeT and AnT, respectively). Conclusions: Two breakpoints can be defined in the NIRS-captured SmO2 signal of VL, but the agreement between the two methods at the individual level was too low for interchangeable usage of those methods in the practical training process. Older cyclists generally exhibited earlier thresholds in muscle oxygenation signals compared to systemic responses, unlike younger cyclists who showed greater variability and no significant differences in this regard in bias values between the two threshold evaluation methods with no significant difference between methods. More sprinter-type cyclists tended to have systemic VT thresholds earlier than local NIRS-derived thresholds than athletes with relatively higher aerobic abilities

Comparative Bilateral Measurements of Vastus Lateralis Muscle Oxygen Desaturation Kinetics during 30 S Sprint Cycling Exercise: Effects of Age and Performance

The study assessed vastus lateralis oxygen desaturation kinetics (SmO2) in 32 male cyclists (16 Seniors, 16 Juniors) during a 30 s sprint, examining effects of age and performance. An incremental test was used to determine ventilatory thresholds (VT1, VT2) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2kg), followed by a sprint test to evaluate anaerobic performance. Cyclists’ performance phenotype was determined as the ratio of power at VT2 to 5 s peak sprint power. Juniors exhibited sprinter-like traits, excelling in all functional tests except for lactate levels post-sprint. SmO2 data showed no age-related or bilateral differences across participants. The combined mean response time (MRT) revealed stronger bilateral goodness of fit (R2 = 0.64) than individual time delay (TD) and time constant (τ). Higher VO2kg at VT2, peak power, and maximal uptake were linked to longer TD, while shorter TD correlated with higher lactate production and increased fatigue. Bilaterally averaged SmO2 kinetics distinguished between sprint and endurance athletes, indicating the potential to reflect the alactic anaerobic system’s capacity and depletion. Age did not affect desaturation rates, but younger cyclists showed greater response amplitude, attributed to a higher initial baseline rather than maximal desaturation at the end of the exercise