The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BACKGROUND: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. METHODS: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. FINDINGS: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). INTERPRETATION: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden

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Not AvailableA study was undertaken with the objective of identifying Myristica species which can withstand water scarce condition, and can be used as rootstock for grafting. Water stress was imposed on one-year-old potted plants bywithholding irrigation till the plants wilted. Relative water content, chlorophyll content and protein content hadsignificant positive correlation while membrane leakage had significant negative correlation with days taken for wilting. Ranking of species/genus viz., Myristica fragrans, M. beddomeii, M. malabarica, Knema andamanica and Gymnocranthera canerica was done based on these correlated parameters and also days taken for wilting. M. malabarica ranked first in terms of water stress tolerance, while M. fragrans and G. canerica ranked last and were termed as susceptible. Results of the study suggest that M. malabarica can be utilized as rootstock for nutmeg to combat drought.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableAn attempt has been made to describe the crop ideotype characteristics for black pepper (Piper nigrum). It is proposed that the black pepper ideotype should have acute branch angles (450) at the top and more wider branch angles at the bottom (600). The fruiting branches should be well spread from top to bottom of the canopy. To harvest maximum light especially by the bottom canopy, the leaf angle should be more at the bottom (130-1400) compared to the top (100-1100). It is desirable that within a branch, the bottom leaves have lengthier petioles than the top leaves. The vine should have a high photosynthetic rate (minimum of 3.0–3.5 μ moles), more than 90% bisexual flowers with >95% self pollination, increased spike length (≥12 cm) and more number of berries spike-1 (≥70). Fruit set should be ≥80% and should yield at least 2.5–3.0 kg dry berries vine-1. Among the cultivars/varieties studied, Panniyur 1 was found to possess more number of traits for the proposed ideotype compared to other cultivars/varieties.Not Availabl

Contesting With Feeling: Childhood in and Through Public Education

In public education forums people create and contest implicit theories of learning and society. We study a community education council meeting where participants address mask mandates, selective admissions policies, and school violence. We used critical discourse analysis to trace how speakers mobilized emotional configurations about children to guide emotion participation. To influence councilmembers’ votes, speakers contested which children should get to learn, under which conditions, and toward what futures. By invoking ideas such as innocence and rationality, meeting participants engaged the racist underpinnings of U.S. society in calling for individualist or collectivist approaches to learning in schools

Improvement of graphene oxide characteristics depending on base washing

Graphene oxide (GO) has been synthesized using Hummer’s method. This oxidation process decorates the graphene sheets by different types of functional groups, yet the harsh oxidation condition leads to introduce many of carbonaceous fragments, which decreasing GO efficiency in many faces, touched its applications. The synthesized GO has been washed by 10 M NaOH to produce (GOn). Thereafter quality enhancement of GO has been studied by several analyses; the introduced hydroxyl and carboxyl groups into few-layer graphene (FLG) surface have been determined by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR). Raman spectroscopy analysis identified the defect degree and the transition of graphite from a crystalline to an amorphous structure and vice versa. The interlayer spacings of FLG and GOn were investigated by Xray diffraction (XRD) and the thermal stability of as-received and modified materials were examined by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The morphological structure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The various investigations confirmed that the properties of GO were improved by neutralization impact, which may pave the way to new developments in the GO-based applications.Методом Хаммера синтезувано оксид графену (ОГ). Цей процес окислення декорує площини графена різними типами функціональних груп, жорсткі умови окислення призводять також до появи великої кількості вуглецевовмісних фрагментів, які зменшують ефективність ОГ в багатьох областях його застосування. Синтезований ОГ промивали розчином 10 М NaOH для отримання (ОГ)n. Якість ОГ досліджено кількома методами: введені в малошаровий графен гідроксильні та карбоксильні групи визначали Фур’є-інфрачервоною спектроскопією, ступінь дефектності та перехід графіту з кристалічної структури в аморфну і навпаки ідентифікували Раманівською спектроскопією, відстань між шарами у малошаровому графені і (ОГ)n досліджували з використанням рентгенівської дифракції, а термостабільність вихідних і модифікованих матеріалів – термогравіметричним аналізом, морфологію структури характеризували за допомогою скануючої електронної мікроскопії і просвічуючої електронної мікроскопії високої роздільної здатності. Різні дослідження підтвердили, що властивості ОГ поліпшувалися під дією нейтралізації, що може прокласти шлях новим розробкам щодо його застосування.Методом Хаммера синтезировали оксид графена (ОГ). Этот процесс окисления декорирует плоскости графена различными типами функциональных групп, жесткие условия окисления приводят также к появлению большого количества углеродсодержащих фрагментов, которые уменьшают эффективность ОГ во многих областях его применения. Синтезированный ОГ промывали раствором 10 М NaOH для получения ОГn. Затем качество ОГ исследовали несколькими методами: введенные в малослойный графен гидроксильные и карбоксильные группы определяли Фурье-инфракрасной спектроскопией; степень дефектности и переход графита из кристаллической структуру в аморфную и наоборот идентифицировали Рамановской спектроскопией, расстояние между слоями в малослойном графене и ОГn исследовали с использованием рентгеновской дифракции, а термостабильность исходных и модифицированных материалов – термогравиметрическим анализом, морфологию структуры характеризовали c помощью сканирующей электронной микроскопии и просвечивающей электронной микроскопии высокого разрешения. Различные исследования подтвердили, что свойства ОГ улучшались под действием нейтрализации, что может проложить путь новым разработкам по его применению