Antidumping in law and practice

The alarming increase in the number of antidumping actions pursued by both industrial and developing countries has caused considerable concern among economists, lawyers, and trade reformers. These concerns have led to suggestions to substitute antitrust principles for antidumping laws and regulations or to use safeguard measures under Article XIX of GATT 1994 and the Uruguay Round Agreement on Safeguards. The author contends that, under current international trade law, neither proposal appears feasible. Moreover, antidumping actions have become a fact of life and the international community recognizes them as the only legitimate tool to combat dumping as defined by and determined in accordance with law. Despite urgings in some quarters, neither national legal systems nor international agreements have mandated an economy-wide cost-benefit analysis of proposed antidumping actions. Because of political, technical, and other implications, such a methodology is unlikely to be accepted soon. Although the most recent Uruguay Round antidumping agreement (URAA) has enhanced the discipline and made a number of improvements, it cannot claim to have plugged all loopholes for the misuse of antidumping. In those matters on which the agreement is silent or ambiguous or allows room for flexibility in adopting a less restrictive rule or practice. A case in point is the U.S. practice on voting in the International Trade Commission. A 3-3 vote in antidumping and countervailing duty investigation constitutes an affirmative decision. It would be preferable to require a clear majority rather than treat an evenly divided vote as sufficient to establish a finding of injury.Markets and Market Access,Environmental Economics&Policies,General Technology,Economic Theory&Research,Trade Policy,Economic Theory&Research,Access to Markets,Markets and Market Access,Trade Policy,TF054105-DONOR FUNDED OPERATION ADMINISTRATION FEE INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT

Internationalization and organizational ambidexterity for sustainable performance : moderating effects of firm-specific advantages and competitive strategies

Kansainvälisen liiketoiminnan kirjallisuudessa yksi näkökanta puoltaa joko lineaarista tai epälineaarista yhteyttä kansainvälistymisen ja taloudellisen tuloksen välillä, kun taas toinen esittää, ettei yhteyttä ole. Työssäni seurataan kolmen askelen teoriaa, joka on syntetisoitu sisäistämisteoriasta, resurssipohjaisesta näkemyksestä sekä markkinapohjaisesta näkemyksestä, ja sillä testataan S-käyrä-hypoteesia kansainvälistymiseen. Lisäksi testataan käänteistä U-muotoista suhdetta tuloksellisuuden ja organisatorisen ambidekstrisyyden dynaamisen osaamisen välillä. Näiden päävaikutussuhteiden analyysin lisäksi testataan yrityskohtaisten etujen sekä kilpailustrategioiden moderaatiovaikutusta. Pyrkimyksenä on vastata aiemmissa tutkimuksissa esitettyihin tarpeisiin toteuttaa tämän tyyppinen tutkimus pitkittäistutkimuksena. Empiirinen tutkimusasetelma muodostuu otoksesta suuria ja keskisuuria yrityksiä pohjoismaisessa NASDAQ-indeksissä vuosina 2005–2014. Tietolähteinä on käytetty vuosikertomuksia sekä arkistomateriaalia. Aineiston muokkaamisessa on hyödynnetty tietokoneavusteista tekstianalyysia ja mallien estimoinnissa yleistettyä momenttimenetelmää. Työssä testataan empiirisesti useampien eri mittarien avulla yhteyttä mitatun yrityksen kansainvälistymisen tason sekä organisatorisen ambidekstrisyyden välillä kahdella muuttujalla, jotka ovat Tobin Q sekä kokonaispääoman tuottoastepro-sentti (ROA). Työn ensimmäinen keskeinen tulos on, että tulokset puoltavat S-käyrä-hypoteesia, jossa yrityskohtaiset etuudet toimivat moderaattoreina, jopa otettaessa huomioon metodologiset heikkoudet. Työn toinen keskeinen tulos on, että käänteinen U-muotoinen suhde löytyi organisatorisen ambidekstrisyyden ja tuloksellisuuden välillä kaikilla mittareilla. Erikoistumis- ja hybridistrategiat moderoivat positiivisesti organisatorista ambidekstrisyyttä dynaamisena kyvykkyytenä, mutta kustannusjohtajuusstrategia ei tehnyt tätä. Edelleen tulokset osoittivat, että kaikki kilpailustrategiat sekä yrityskohtaiset edut moderoivat kansainvälistymisen tasoa. Tulosten perusteella esitetään erilaisia teoreettisia, metodologisia sekä yritysjohdollisia johtopäätöksiä.In the international business literature, one stream argues for a linear or non-linear relationship between internationalization and performance, while the other argues for no relationship to performance. In my work, a three-stage theory, synthesized from the internalization theory, the resource-based view, and the market-based view is followed to test the S-curve hypothesis of internationalization. Similarly, an inverted U-shaped relationship between organizational ambidexterity as a dynamic capability and performance is tested. On these main effects, the moderating effects of firm-specific advantages and competitive strategies are tested. As there have been several calls to conduct longitudinal studies, the empirical setting consists a sample of large-cap and mid-cap firms listed in the Nordic NASDAQ index from 2005 to 2014. The annual reports and archival measures were used as data sources. Computer-aided text analysis and system generalized methods of moments were used to analyze the data. I conducted an empirical analysis of the multiple measures of the degree of in-ternationalization and organizational ambidexterity with two dependent variables: Tobin's Q and ROA. The first important finding was that the S-curve hypothesis is true in the presence of FSAs as moderators even after controlling for existing methodological flaws. The second important finding is that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the organizational ambidexterity and performance across measures. The organizational ambidexterity as a dynamic capability was positively moderated by differentiation and hybrid strategies but not the cost leadership. The degree of internationalization was moderated by all competitive strategies and firm-specific advantages. Based on the findings implications for theory, method, and practice are derived.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Duplicate bug report detection using clustering

Bug reporting and fixing the reported bugs play a critical part in the development and maintenance of software systems. The software developers and end users can collaborate in this process to improve the reliability of software systems. Various end users report the defects they have found in the software and how these bugs affect them. However, the same defect may be reported independently by several users leading to a significant number of duplicate bug reports. There are a number of existing methods for detecting duplicate bug reports, but the best results so far account for only 24% of actual duplicates. In this paper, we propose a new method based on clustering to identify a larger proportion of duplicate bug reports while keeping the false positives of misidentified non-duplicates low. The proposed approach is experimentally evaluated on a large sample of bug reports from three public domain data sets. The results show that this approach achieves better performance in terms of a harmonic measure that combines true positive and true negative rates when compared to the existing methods

Cryogenic test of gravitational inverse square law below 100-micrometer length scales

The inverse-square law is a hallmark of theories of gravity, impressively demonstrated from astronomical scales to sub-millimeter scales, yet we do not have a complete quantized theory of gravity applicable at the shortest distance scale. Problems within modern physics such as the hierarchy problem, the cosmological constant problem, and the strong CP problem in the Standard Model motivate a search for new physics. Theories such as large extra dimensions, ‘fat gravitons,’ and the axion, proposed to solve these problems, can result in a deviation from the gravitational inverse-square law below 100 μm and are thus testable in the laboratory. We have conducted a sub-millimeter test of the inverse-square law at 4.2 K. To minimize Newtonian errors, the experiment employed a near-null source, a disk of large diameter-to-thickness ratio. Two test masses, also disk-shaped, were positioned on the two sides of the source mass at a nominal distance of 280 μm. As the source was driven sinusoidally, the response of the test masses was sensed through a superconducting differential accelerometer. Any deviations from the inverse-square law would appear as a violation signal at the second harmonic of the source frequency, due to symmetry. We improved the design of the experiment significantly over an earlier version, by separating the source mass suspension from the detector housing and making the detector a true differential accelerometer. We identified the residual gas pressure as an error source, and developed ways to overcome the problem. During the experiment we further identified the two dominant sources of error - magnetic cross-talk and electrostatic coupling. Using cross-talk cancellation and residual balance, these were reduced to the level of the limiting random noise. No deviations from the inverse-square law were found within the experimental error (2σ) down to a length scale λ = 100 μm at the level of coupling constant |α|≤2. Extra dimensions were searched down to a length scale of 78 μm (|α|≤4). We have also proposed modifications to the current experimental design in the form of new tantalum source mass and installing additional accelerometers, to achieve an amplifier noise limited sensitivity

A Study on Impact of Social Media Among Students of Adolescentage Group on Individual Performance

Purpose: The objective of the study was to identify how adoptive teens are to social media, their reactions when controlled from using and also the areas of positive and negative outcome in students, especially all these, from their own perception. Academic performance, social intelligence and health are considered and studied from outcome perspective.   Theoretical framework: Recent literature has reported impacts of usage of social media on performance, privacy and health on teens. However, both positive and negative impacts can’t be ruled out.   Design/methodology/approach: The sample population consisted of male and female students in the age group of 14 – 19 from across different schools and colleges in and around Chennai during 2020. Primary data was collected from students across schools and colleges through personal interview with constructive structured questionnaire as well as through online using Google Forms. Judgment sampling method was used   Findings: The direct and indirect impacts of (SM) input such as interactive and entertainment type of apps on the output like academic performance, social intelligence and health, through the mediating processes such as reaction and adoption to SM, are identified, studied and analyzed.   Research, Practical & Social implications: In addition to the overall performance and social intelligence, health (socially) and privacy (management), are the key concerns for the teens that need to be looked at in the long run.   Originality/value: The results indicate that the usage of SM by teens impacts both positively and negatively as well

Social media marketing adoption by agriculturists: A TAM based study

Purpose : This research is intended to identify and analyse the underlying factors in the adoption of social media among agriculturists in South India. Theoretical Framework: Marketing through social media such as Whatsapp, Facebook and YouTube, particularly in India, is not well understood due to the lack of research in agricultural marketing. This paper bridges the research gap by applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and TAM. Design/ Methodology/Approach: A structured questionnaire is adopted for data collection. Primary data was collected from 320 agriculturalists in Tamilnadu, South India. Findings: Multiple regression is used to test the significance of the research model. It demonstrates that the perceived credibility, reference group, infotainment, and perceived usefulness had a significant positive impact on the adoption of social media marketing. At the same time, perceived ease of use has a negative effect on attitude towards the adoption of social media marketing. Research, Practical & Social Implications: The implication drawn from this study helps the researchers and agriculturalists use social media to increase farm product marketability. Originality/ Value: This research adds value to the agricultural marketing literature by exploring the novel determinants of the adoption of social media

Design of an Efficient Retimed CIC Compensation Filter

Unwanted side effects because of spectral aliasing and spectral imaging during signal processing would be the major concern over the sampling rate alteration. Multirate-multistage implementation of digital filter could come about a large computational saving than single rate filter suitable for sample rate conversion. This implementation can further improved through high-level architectural transformation in circuit level. Reallocating registers and relocating flip-flops across logic gates through retiming certainly a prominent sequential transformation technology that optimize hardware circuits to achieve faster clocking speed without affecting the functionality. In this paper, we proposed an efficient compensated cascade Integrator comb (CIC) decimation filter structure that analyze the consequence of filter order variation which has a retimed FIR filter being compensator while using the cutset retiming technique and achieved an improvement in the passband droop by 14% to 39%, in computation time by 38.04%, 25.78%, 12.21%, 6.69% and 4.44% and reduction in path delay by 62.27%, 72%, 86.63%, 91.56% and 94.42% of 3, 6, 8, 12 and 24 order filter respectively than the non-retimed CIC compensation filter

An associative classification based approach for detecting SNP-SNP interactions in high dimensional genome

There have been many studies that depict genotype phenotype relationships by identifying genetic variants associated with a specific disease. Researchers focus more attention on interactions between SNPs that are strongly associated with disease in the absence of main effect. In this context, a number of machine learning and data mining tools are applied to identify the combinations of multi-locus SNPs in higher order data.However, none of the current models can identify useful SNPSNP interactions for high dimensional genome data. Detecting these interactions is challenging due to bio-molecular complexities and computational limitations. The goal of this research was to implement associative classification and study its effectiveness for detecting the epistasis in balanced and imbalanced datasets. The proposed approach was evaluated for two locus epistasis interactions using simulated data. The datasets were generated for 5 different penetrance functions by varying heritability, minor allele frequency and sample size. In total, 23,400 datasets were generated and several experiments are conducted to identify the disease causal SNP interactions. The accuracy of classification by the proposed approach wascompared with the previous approaches. Though associative classification showed only relatively small improvement in accuracy for balanced datasets, it outperformed existing approaches in higher order multi-locus interactions in imbalanced datasets