80 research outputs found
The flight performance of the Galileo orbiter USO
Results are presented in this article from an analysis of radio metric data received by the DSN stations from the Galileo spacecraft using an Ultrastable Oscillator (USO) as a signal source. These results allow the health and performance of the Galileo USO to be evaluated, and are used to calibrate this Radio Science instrument and the data acquired for Radio Science experiments such as the Redshift Observation, Solar Conjunction, and Jovian occultations. Estimates for the USO-referenced, spacecraft-transmitted frequency and frequency stability were made for 82 data acquisition passes conducted between launch (Oct. 1989) and Nov. 1991. Analyses of the spacecraft-transmitted frequencies show that the USO is behaving as expected. The USO was powered off and then back on in Aug. 1991 with no adverse effect on its performance. The frequency stabilities measured by Allan deviation are consistent with expected values due to thermal wideband noise and the USO itself at the appropriate time intervals. The Galileo USO appears to be healthy and functioning normally in a reasonable manner
A New Test of the Einstein Equivalence Principle and the Isotropy of Space
Recent research has established that nonsymmetric gravitation theories like
Moffat's NGT predict that a gravitational field singles out an orthogonal pair
of polarization states of light that propagate with different phase velocities.
We show that a much wider class of nonmetric theories encompassed by the formalism predict such violations of the Einstein equivalence principle.
This gravity-induced birefringence of space implies that propagation through a
gravitational field can alter the polarization of light. We use data from
polarization measurements of extragalactic sources to constrain birefringence
induced by the field of the Galaxy. Our new constraint is times sharper
than previous ones.Comment: 21 pages, Latex, 3 Postscript figure
Weighing the Milky Way
We describe an experiment to measure the mass of the Milky Way galaxy. The
experiment is based on calculated light travel times along orthogonal
directions in the Schwarzschild metric of the Galactic center. We show that the
difference is proportional to the Galactic mass. We apply the result to light
travel times in a 10cm Michelson type interferometer located on Earth. The mass
of the Galactic center is shown to contribute 10^-6 to the flat space component
of the metric. An experiment is proposed to measure the effect.Comment: 10 pages, 1 figur
Millimeter-wave Signature of Strange Matter Stars
One of the most important questions in the study of compact objects is the
nature of pulsars, including whether they consist of neutron matter or strange
quark matter (SQM). However, few mechanisms for distinguishing between these
two possibilities have been proposed. The purpose of this paper is to show that
a strange star (one made of SQM) will have a vibratory mode with an oscillation
frequency of approximately 250 GHz (millimeter wave). This mode corresponds to
motion of the center of the expected crust of normal matter relative to the
center of the strange quark core, without distortion of either. Radiation from
currents generated in the crust at the mode frequency would be a SQM signature.
We also consider effects of stellar rotation, estimate power emission and
signal-to-noise ratio, and discuss briefly possible mechanisms for exciting the
mode.Comment: 13 pages, Latex, one figur
Probing the Microscopic Origin of Gravity via Precision Polarization and Spin Experiments
As in other parts of physics, we advocate the interaction approach:
experiments phenomenology low-energy effective (field) theory
microscopic theory to probe the microscopic origin of gravity. Using chi-g
phenomenological framework, we discuss the tests of equivalence principles. The
only experimentally unconstrained degree of freedom is the axion freedom. It
has effects on the long-range astrophysical/cosmological propagation of
electromagnetic waves and can be tested/measured using future generation of
polarization measurement of cosmic background radiation. The verification or
refutal of this axionic effect will be a crucial step for constructing
effective theory and probing the microscopic origin of gravity. The interaction
of spin with gravity is another important clue for probing microscopic origin
of gravity. The interplay of experiments, phenomenology and effective theory is
expounded. An ideal way to reveal the microscopic origin of gravity is to
measure the gyrogravitational ratio of particles. Three potential experimental
methods are considered.Comment: 8 pages; 1 figur
Lorentz Covariant Theory of Light Propagation in Gravitational Fields of Arbitrary-Moving Bodies
The Lorentz covariant theory of propagation of light in the (weak)
gravitational fields of N-body systems consisting of arbitrarily moving
point-like bodies with constant masses is constructed. The theory is based on
the Lienard-Wiechert presentation of the metric tensor. A new approach for
integrating the equations of motion of light particles depending on the
retarded time argument is applied. In an approximation which is linear with
respect to the universal gravitational constant, G, the equations of light
propagation are integrated by quadratures and, moreover, an expression for the
tangent vector to the perturbed trajectory of light ray is found in terms of
instanteneous functions of the retarded time. General expressions for the
relativistic time delay, the angle of light deflection, and gravitational red
shift are derived. They generalize previously known results for the case of
static or uniformly moving bodies. The most important applications of the
theory are given. They include a discussion of the velocity dependent terms in
the gravitational lens equation, the Shapiro time delay in binary pulsars, and
a precise theoretical formulation of the general relativistic algorithm of data
processing of radio and optical astrometric measurements in the non-stationary
gravitational field of the solar system. Finally, proposals for future
theoretical work being important for astrophysical applications are formulated.Comment: 77 pages, 7 figures, list of references is updated, to be published
in Phys. Rev. D6
Sequential analysis of global gene expression profiles in immature and in vitro matured bovine oocytes: potential molecular markers of oocyte maturation
Abstract
Background
Without intensive selection, the majority of bovine oocytes submitted to in vitro embryo production (IVP) fail to develop to the blastocyst stage. This is attributed partly to their maturation status and competences. Using the Affymetrix GeneChip Bovine Genome Array, global mRNA expression analysis of immature (GV) and in vitro matured (IVM) bovine oocytes was carried out to characterize the transcriptome of bovine oocytes and then use a variety of approaches to determine whether the observed transcriptional changes during IVM was real or an artifact of the techniques used during analysis.
Results
8489 transcripts were detected across the two oocyte groups, of which ~25.0% (2117 transcripts) were differentially expressed (p < 0.001); corresponding to 589 over-expressed and 1528 under-expressed transcripts in the IVM oocytes compared to their immature counterparts. Over expression of transcripts by IVM oocytes is particularly interesting, therefore, a variety of approaches were employed to determine whether the observed transcriptional changes during IVM were real or an artifact of the techniques used during analysis, including the analysis of transcript abundance in oocytes in vitro matured in the presence of α-amanitin. Subsets of the differentially expressed genes were also validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and the gene expression data was classified according to gene ontology and pathway enrichment. Numerous cell cycle linked (CDC2, CDK5, CDK8, HSPA2, MAPK14, TXNL4B), molecular transport (STX5, STX17, SEC22A, SEC22B), and differentiation (NACA) related genes were found to be among the several over-expressed transcripts in GV oocytes compared to the matured counterparts, while ANXA1, PLAU, STC1and LUM were among the over-expressed genes after oocyte maturation.
Conclusion
Using sequential experiments, we have shown and confirmed transcriptional changes during oocyte maturation. This dataset provides a unique reference resource for studies concerned with the molecular mechanisms controlling oocyte meiotic maturation in cattle, addresses the existing conflicting issue of transcription during meiotic maturation and contributes to the global goal of improving assisted reproductive technology
The Confrontation between General Relativity and Experiment
The status of experimental tests of general relativity and of theoretical
frameworks for analysing them is reviewed. Einstein's equivalence principle
(EEP) is well supported by experiments such as the Eotvos experiment, tests of
special relativity, and the gravitational redshift experiment. Future tests of
EEP and of the inverse square law are searching for new interactions arising
from unification or quantum gravity. Tests of general relativity at the
post-Newtonian level have reached high precision, including the light
deflection, the Shapiro time delay, the perihelion advance of Mercury, and the
Nordtvedt effect in lunar motion. Gravitational-wave damping has been detected
in an amount that agrees with general relativity to better than half a percent
using the Hulse-Taylor binary pulsar, and other binary pulsar systems have
yielded other tests, especially of strong-field effects. When direct
observation of gravitational radiation from astrophysical sources begins, new
tests of general relativity will be possible.Comment: 89 pages, 8 figures; an update of the Living Review article
originally published in 2001; final published version incorporating referees'
suggestion
Defective folliculogenesis in female mice lacking Vaccinia-related kinase 1
The Vaccinia-related kinase 1(VRK1), which is generally implicated in modulating cell cycle, plays important roles in mammalian gametogenesis. Female infertility in VRK1-deficient mice was reported to be caused by defective meiotic progression in oocyte at postovulatory stage. VRK1 roles in folliculogenesis, however, remain largely unknown. Here, accurate quantification of folliculogenesis is performed by a direct visualization of ‘intact’ ovary in 3-dimensions (3-D) using a synchrotron X-ray microtomography. In VRK1-deficient ovaries, the numbers of pre-antral and antral follicles are significantly reduced by 38% and 46%, respectively, comparing to control. The oocytes volumes in antral and Graffian follicles also decrease by 42% and 37% in the mutants, respectively, indicating defects in oocyte quality at preovulatory stage. Genetic analysis shows that gene expressions related to folliculogenesis are down-regulated in VRK1-deficient ovaries, implying defects in folliculogenesis. We suggest that VRK1 is required for both follicle development and oocyte growth in mammalian female reproduction system
Elevated Non-Esterified Fatty Acid Concentrations during Bovine Oocyte Maturation Compromise Early Embryo Physiology
Elevated concentrations of serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), associated with maternal disorders such as obesity and type II diabetes, alter the ovarian follicular micro-environment and have been associated with subfertility arising from reduced oocyte developmental competence. We have asked whether elevated NEFA concentrations during oocyte maturation affect the development and physiology of zygotes formed from such oocytes, using the cow as a model. The zygotes were grown to blastocysts, which were evaluated for their quality in terms of cell number, apoptosis, expression of key genes, amino acid turnover and oxidative metabolism. Oocyte maturation under elevated NEFA concentrations resulted in blastocysts with significantly lower cell number, increased apoptotic cell ratio and altered mRNA abundance of DNMT3A, IGF2R and SLC2A1. In addition, the blastocysts displayed reduced oxygen, pyruvate and glucose consumption, up-regulated lactate consumption and higher amino acid metabolism. These data indicate that exposure of maturing oocytes to elevated NEFA concentrations has a negative impact on fertility not only through a reduction in oocyte developmental capacity but through compromised early embryo quality, viability and metabolism
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