53 research outputs found

    DĂŒnne, multi-sensitive Hydrogelschichten aus photovernetzbaren Blockcopolymeren

    Get PDF
    Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Darstellung funktioneller Materialien, die ein multi-sensitives Ansprechverhalten aufweisen. Die Charakterisierung des Quellverhaltens der Gele stellt die Voraussetzung dar, die phasenseparierten Polymerfilme als multi-sensitive Sensorschichten mit verbessertem Ansprechverhalten einzusetzen. Die Aufgabe dieser Arbeit besteht in der Synthese von AB-Blockcopolymeren, die im wĂ€ssrigen Medium auf die Temperatur oder auf die Temperatur und den pH-Wert ansprechen. Unter Verwendung der Makroinitiator-Technik werden Blockcopolymere synthetisiert. ZunĂ€chst werden temperatur-sensitive Polymere mit einem wasserlöslichen Polyethylenglykol-Block (PEG) und N-Isopropylacrylamid (NIPAAm) mittels "Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization" (ATRP) hergestellt. Die Umsetzung der durch "Nitroxide Mediated Radical Polymerization" (NMRP) hergestellten pH-sensitiven Poly(2-vinylpyridin)-Blöcke (P2VP) mit NIPAAm fĂŒhrt zu multi-sensitiven Blockcopolymeren. Da die Polymere auf ihre Quelleigenschaften in dĂŒnnen Filmen hin untersucht werden sollen, ist die Verwendung eines Chromophors, der in den NIPAAm-Block einpolymerisiert wird, nötig. Die Vernetzung der Polymerfilme erfolgt photochemisch. Das Quellverhalten der Polymerschichten wurde mit der Methode der "Surface Plasmon Resonance"-Spektroskopie (SPR) charakterisiert. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ist es gelungen, multi-sensitive Polymere darzustellen und deren SensitivitĂ€t in dĂŒnnen Polymerfilmen nachzuweisen. Bei den synthetisierten Polymeren handelt es sich um neuartige und funktionelle Materialien

    Surface Modification Strategies for Improving the Cycling Performance of Ni-Rich Cathode Materials – Surface Modification Strategies for Improving the Cycling Performance of Ni-Rich Cathode Materials

    Get PDF
    Ni‐rich layered lithium metal oxides are the cathode active materials of choice for high‐energy‐density Li‐ion batteries. While the high content of Ni is responsible for the excellent capacity, it is also the source of interfacial instability, limiting the material\u27s lifetime due to a variety of correlated in‐ and extrinsic factors. Hence, reconciling the opposing trends of high Ni content and long‐term cycling stability by modifying the material\u27s surface is one of the challenges in the field. Here, we review various studies on surface modification of Ni‐rich (≄ 80 %) layered cathode active materials in order to categorize current research efforts. Broadly, the three strategies of coating, surface doping and washing are discussed, each with their advantages and shortcomings. In conclusion, we highlight new directions of research that could bring Ni‐rich layered lithium metal oxide cathodes from the laboratory to the real world

    Multi‐Element Surface Coating of Layered Ni‐Rich Oxide Cathode Materials and Their Long‐Term Cycling Performance in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

    Get PDF
    The energy density of layered oxide cathode materials increases with their Ni content, while the stability decreases and degradation becomes more severe. A common strategy to mitigate or prevent degradation is the application of protective coatings on the particle surfaces. In this article, a room-tem-perature, liquid-phase reaction of trimethylaluminum (TMA) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) with adsorbed moisture on either LiNi0.85Co0.10Mn0.05O2or LiNiO2, yielding a hybrid coating that shows synergetic benefits compared to coatings from TMA and TEOS individually, is reported. The surface layer is investigated in long-term pouch full-cell studies as well as by electron micros-copy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, demonstrating that it prevents degradation primarily by a fluorine-scavenging effect, and by reducing the extent of rock salt-type phase formation

    CD83 Modulates B Cell Function In Vitro: Increased IL-10 and Reduced Ig Secretion by CD83Tg B Cells

    Get PDF
    The murine transmembrane glycoprotein CD83 is an important regulator for both thymic T cell maturation and peripheral T cell responses. Recently, we reported that CD83 also has a function on B cells: Ubiquitous transgenic (Tg) expression of CD83 interfered with the immunoglobulin (Ig) response to infectious agents and to T cell dependent as well as T cell independent model antigen immunization. Here we compare the function of CD83Tg B cells that overexpress CD83 and CD83 mutant (CD83mu) B cells that display a drastically reduced CD83 expression. Correlating with CD83 expression, the basic as well as the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced expression of the activation markers CD86 and MHC-II are significantly increased in CD83Tg B cells and reciprocally decreased in CD83mu B cells. Wild-type B cells rapidly upregulate CD83 within three hours post BCR or TLR engagement by de novo protein synthesis. The forced premature overexpression of CD83 on the CD83Tg B cells results in reduced calcium signaling, reduced Ig secretion and a reciprocally increased IL-10 production upon in vitro activation. This altered phenotype is mediated by CD83 expressed on the B cells themselves, since it is observed in the absence of accessory cells. In line with this finding, purified CD83mu B cells displayed a reduced IL-10 production and slightly increased Ig secretion upon LPS stimulation in vitro. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that CD83 is expressed by B cells upon activation and contributes to the regulation of B cell function

    DĂŒnne, multi-sensitive Hydrogelschichten aus photovernetzbaren Blockcopolymeren

    Get PDF
    Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Darstellung funktioneller Materialien, die ein multi-sensitives Ansprechverhalten aufweisen. Die Charakterisierung des Quellverhaltens der Gele stellt die Voraussetzung dar, die phasenseparierten Polymerfilme als multi-sensitive Sensorschichten mit verbessertem Ansprechverhalten einzusetzen. Die Aufgabe dieser Arbeit besteht in der Synthese von AB-Blockcopolymeren, die im wĂ€ssrigen Medium auf die Temperatur oder auf die Temperatur und den pH-Wert ansprechen. Unter Verwendung der Makroinitiator-Technik werden Blockcopolymere synthetisiert. ZunĂ€chst werden temperatur-sensitive Polymere mit einem wasserlöslichen Polyethylenglykol-Block (PEG) und N-Isopropylacrylamid (NIPAAm) mittels "Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization" (ATRP) hergestellt. Die Umsetzung der durch "Nitroxide Mediated Radical Polymerization" (NMRP) hergestellten pH-sensitiven Poly(2-vinylpyridin)-Blöcke (P2VP) mit NIPAAm fĂŒhrt zu multi-sensitiven Blockcopolymeren. Da die Polymere auf ihre Quelleigenschaften in dĂŒnnen Filmen hin untersucht werden sollen, ist die Verwendung eines Chromophors, der in den NIPAAm-Block einpolymerisiert wird, nötig. Die Vernetzung der Polymerfilme erfolgt photochemisch. Das Quellverhalten der Polymerschichten wurde mit der Methode der "Surface Plasmon Resonance"-Spektroskopie (SPR) charakterisiert. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ist es gelungen, multi-sensitive Polymere darzustellen und deren SensitivitĂ€t in dĂŒnnen Polymerfilmen nachzuweisen. Bei den synthetisierten Polymeren handelt es sich um neuartige und funktionelle Materialien

    DĂŒnne, multi-sensitive Hydrogelschichten aus photovernetzbaren Blockcopolymeren

    No full text
    Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Darstellung funktioneller Materialien, die ein multi-sensitives Ansprechverhalten aufweisen. Die Charakterisierung des Quellverhaltens der Gele stellt die Voraussetzung dar, die phasenseparierten Polymerfilme als multi-sensitive Sensorschichten mit verbessertem Ansprechverhalten einzusetzen. Die Aufgabe dieser Arbeit besteht in der Synthese von AB-Blockcopolymeren, die im wĂ€ssrigen Medium auf die Temperatur oder auf die Temperatur und den pH-Wert ansprechen. Unter Verwendung der Makroinitiator-Technik werden Blockcopolymere synthetisiert. ZunĂ€chst werden temperatur-sensitive Polymere mit einem wasserlöslichen Polyethylenglykol-Block (PEG) und N-Isopropylacrylamid (NIPAAm) mittels "Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization" (ATRP) hergestellt. Die Umsetzung der durch "Nitroxide Mediated Radical Polymerization" (NMRP) hergestellten pH-sensitiven Poly(2-vinylpyridin)-Blöcke (P2VP) mit NIPAAm fĂŒhrt zu multi-sensitiven Blockcopolymeren. Da die Polymere auf ihre Quelleigenschaften in dĂŒnnen Filmen hin untersucht werden sollen, ist die Verwendung eines Chromophors, der in den NIPAAm-Block einpolymerisiert wird, nötig. Die Vernetzung der Polymerfilme erfolgt photochemisch. Das Quellverhalten der Polymerschichten wurde mit der Methode der "Surface Plasmon Resonance"-Spektroskopie (SPR) charakterisiert. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ist es gelungen, multi-sensitive Polymere darzustellen und deren SensitivitĂ€t in dĂŒnnen Polymerfilmen nachzuweisen. Bei den synthetisierten Polymeren handelt es sich um neuartige und funktionelle Materialien

    Phosphate-based cathode materials for rechargeable batteries

    Full text link
    University of Technology Sydney. Faculty of Science.The design of electrode materials depends critically on understanding the underlying electrochemical processes. Material composition, morphology, structure, and preparation method affect and can alter electrochemical performance of electrochemically active materials. In this research project, a series of phosphate-based polyanionic electrode materials have been fabricated and their electrochemical properties for the use in lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries are evaluated. We successfully prepared carbon-coated LiFePO₄ cathode materials by industrial ball milling and a solid-state reaction with Li₂CO₃, NH₄H₂PO₄, and FeC₂O₄·2H₂O as starting materials. Soluble starch as the primary carbon source was investigated for its capability of generating a highly graphitic carbon coating, whilst sufficiently controlling the crystal growth of LiFePO₄. XRD analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemical testing revealed the significant impact of the amount of starch added to the pre-sintered precursor on phase purity, carbon quality, and electrochemical performance of the final LiFePO₄/C composite. The optimum soluble starch content to achieve a highly spÂČ-coordinated carbon coating is 10 wt%, which enabled our LiFePO₄/C composite to achieve competitive reversible capacities as well as improved rate performance The spray method is well-trusted in practical applications, such as food manufacturing, fertilizers, oxide ceramics, and pharmaceuticals. The ability to produce uniformly spherical particle clusters ranging from nano- to micrometre in size is one of the main advantages of this method, which is immensely important for large scale production of electrochemically active materials for the energy storage market. In this report, we systematically evaluated spray-drying conditions and equipment settings in regards to electrochemical performance of carbon coated LiFePO₄ cathode materials. In an optimisation trial, the most suitable process conditions for the precursor materials and spray-dryer model used to prepare pure and practical LiFePO₄ cathode materials were identified. The impact of different organic additives on the resulting particle morphology of the final product was also investigated. It was found that the addition of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) generates particle clusters that provide a high tap density product without sacrificing electrochemical performance. The LiFePO₄ cathode material prepared with the addition of PVA achieved remarkable rate performance results and could maintain a capacity of 113.95 mA h g⁻Âč at 10C. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely implemented to power portable electronic devices and are increasingly in demand for large-scale applications. One of the major obstacles for this technology is still the low cost-efficiency of its electrochemical active materials and production processes. In this work, we present a novel impregnation–carbothermal reduction method to generate a LiFePO₄–carbon paper hybrid electrode, which does not require a metallic current collector, polymeric binder or conducting additives to function as a cathode material in a LIB system. A shell of LiFePO₄ crystals was grown in situ on carbon fibres during the carbonization of microcrystalline cellulose. The LiFePO₄–carbon paper electrode achieved an initial reversible areal capacity of 197 ÎŒA h cm⁻ÂČ increasing to 222 ÎŒA h cm⁻ÂČ after 500 cycles at a current density of 0.1 mA cm⁻ÂČ. The hybrid electrode also demonstrated a superior cycling performance for up to 1000 cycles. The free-standing electrode could be potentially applied for flexible lithium-ion batteries. Sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) are an emerging technology, which can meet increasing demands for large-scale energy storage. One of the most promising cathode material candidates for sodium-ion batteries is Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ due to its high capacity, thermal stability, and sodium (Na) superionic conductor 3D (NASICON)-type framework. In this work, the authors have significantly improved electrochemical performance and cycling stability of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ by introducing a 3D interconnected conductive network in the form of carbon fibre derived from ordinary paper towel. The free-standing Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃-carbon paper (Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃@CP) hybrid electrodes do not require a metallic current collector, polymeric binder, or conducting additives to function as a cathode material in an NIB system. The Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃@CP cathode demonstrates extraordinary long-term cycling stability for 30 000 deep charge– discharge cycles at a current density of 2.5 mA cm⁻ÂČ. Such outstanding cycling stability can meet the stringent requirements for renewable energy storage

    Die Problematik der Bildquellennachweise - Das Bildurheberrechtsgesetz in der Anwendung innerhalb der Neuen Medien

    No full text
    In einer fast unĂŒberschaubaren Vielzahl von Quellen, allen voran das Internet, stehen uns heute Bildmaterialien zu allen gesellschaftspolitischen Ereignissen zur VerfĂŒgung. Hier entsteht die grundlegende Problematik der Bildquellennachweise, vor denen auch die Redaktion dieser Publikation stand. Immer und ĂŒberall zugĂ€nglich, ist jedoch nicht immer klar: was ist zu belegen, wie sind sie zu belegen und wie ist zu verfahren, wenn es keinen Urheber/Quelle gibt oder dieser nicht (mehr) nachzuweisen ist? Die Autorinnen wollen an dieser Stelle jenes Dilemma nicht in Form von Gesetzestexten wiedergeben, sondern primĂ€r ein Bewusstsein dafĂŒr schaffen, wie man sich mit der freien VerfĂŒgbarkeit von Bildmaterialien auseinandersetzt und ihr begegnet. Es sollen vielmehr Fragen aufgeworfen werden die den Sachverhalt der Materie verdeutlichen. Im Einzelnen können hier nur einige DenkanstĂ¶ĂŸe gegeben werden um auf die Problematik innerhalb des Bildurheberrechtsgesetzes aufmerksam zu machen..

    Novel multi-responsive P2VP-block-PNIPAAm block copolymers via nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization

    No full text
    Linear soluble multi-responsive block copolymers are able to form so called schizophrenic micelles in aqueous solution. Here, such polymers are prepared via nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization (NMRP). In a first step nitroxide-terminated poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) was prepared with different molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions. The best reaction conditions, optimized by kinetic studies, were bulk polymerization at 110 °C. Using P2VP as a macroinitiator, the synthesis of new soluble linear block copolymers of P2VP and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) (P2VP-block-PNIPAAm) was possible. The nitroxide terminated polymers were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Thermal properties were investigated by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Block copolymers showed pH- and temperature-responsive solubility in aqueous media. By increasing the P2VP content, the phase transition temperature shifted to lower temperatures (e.g. 26 °C for P2VP114-block-PNIPAAm180). Depending on the resulting block length, temperature and pH value of aqueous solution, the block copolymers form so called schizophrenic micelles. The hydrodynamic radius R h of these micelles associated with pH values and temperature was analyzed by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Such kind of block copolymers has potential for many applications, such as controlled drug delivery systems
    • 

    corecore