The atom-molecule reaction D plus H2 yields HD plus H studied by molecular beams

Collisions between deuterium atoms and hydrogen molecules were studied in a modulated crossed beam experiment. The relative signal intensity and the signal phase for the product HD from reactive collisions permitted determination of both the angular distribution and HD mean velocity as a function of angle. From these a relative differential reactive scattering cross section in center-of-mass coordinates was deduced. The experiment indicates that reactively formed HD which has little or no internal excitation departs from the collision anisotropically, with maximum amplitude 180 deg from the direction of the incident D beam in center-of-mass coordinates, which shows that the D-H-H reacting configuration is short-lived compared to its rotation time. Non reactive scattering of D by H2 was used to assign absolute values to the differential reactive scattering cross sections

Excitation of Na D-line radiation in collisions of sodium atoms with internally excited H2, D2, and N2

Excitation of D-line radiation in collisions of Na atoms with vibrationally excited N2, H2 and D2 was studied in two modulated crossed beam experiments. In both experiments, the vibrational excitation of the molecules was provided by heating the molecular beam source to temperatures in the range of 2000 to 3000 K, which was assumed to give populations according to the Boltzmann expression. In the first experiment, a total rate coefficient was measured as a function of molecular beam temperature, with absolute calibration of the photon detector being made using the black body radiation from the heated molecular beam source. Since heating affects both the internal energy and the collisional kinetic energy, the first experiment could not determine the relative contributions of internal energy transfer versus collisional excitation. The second experiment achieved partial separation of internal versus kinetic energy transfer effects by using a velocity-selected molecular beam. Using two simple models for the kinetic energy dependence of the transfer cross section for a given change in vibrational quantum number, the data from both experiments were used to determine parameters in the models

Transfer of excitation energy from nitrogen molecules to sodium atoms

Transfer of excitation energy from nitrogen molecules to sodium atom

What Close Cases and Reversals Reveal About Claim Construction at the Federal Circuit, 12 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 583 (2013)

Claim construction is central to patent litigation and has been the focus of a voluminous body of scholarship. Researchers have collected data from all aspects of claim construction cases, looking for answers to questions such as why the Federal Circuit reverses district courts’ claim constructions so frequently, why Federal Circuit judges reach different conclusions from one another, and what methodologies these judges are utilizing. This paper takes a novel approach to analyze these questions. Rather than focus on all claim construction cases, this paper focuses only on cases where the Federal Circuit was divided and a dissent was written, and cases in which the Federal Circuit reversed the district courts’ constructions. By looking at these two subsets of claim construction cases, we can glean insights from the data that are unapparent when looking at all cases. Specifically, we can observe trends in voting behavior, then compare those trends to different methodologies Federal Circuit judges utilize, whether expressly or impliedly. The data shows that, for reform to claim construction procedures to be meaningful, either the Federal Circuit or the Supreme Court must first address and definitively settle whether it is appropriate to determine “what the inventor actually invented” as a first step to claim construction. Once settled, ideas for reform can be debated. One such idea might involve applying an algorithm for construing claims, an example of which is provided in Appendix C

LAPS and SPIM Imaging Using ITO-Coated Glass as the Substrate Material

Light-addressable potentiometric sensors (LAPS) and scanning photo-induced impedance microscopy (SPIM) use photocurrent measurements for spatiotemporal imaging of ion concentrations, electrical potentials, and impedance. In this work, ITO-coated glass was confirmed to produce photocurrents at anodic potentials with 405 nm diode laser illumination. Therefore, it was developed as a low cost and robust substrate material for LAPS and SPIM imaging compared to traditional expensive ultrathin Si substrates. ITO showed good ac photocurrent and pH response without surface modification and insulator. Local photocurrents were produced by scanning a focused laser beam across the sample, which proved the light addressability of ITO-coated glass. With a high-impedance PMMA dot deposited onto the ITO as a model system, a lateral resolution of about 2.3 μm was achieved

Problems with kinematic mean field electrodynamics at high magnetic Reynolds numbers

We discuss the applicability of the kinematic $\alpha$-effect formalism at high magnetic Reynolds numbers. In this regime the underlying flow is likely to be a small-scale dynamo, leading to the exponential growth of fluctuations. Difficulties arise with both the actual calculation of the $\alpha$ coefficients and with its interpretation. We argue that although the former may be circumvented -- and we outline several procedures by which the the $\alpha$ coefficients can be computed in principle -- the interpretation of these quantities in terms of the evolution of the large-scale field may be fundamentally flawed.Comment: 5 pages, LaTeX, no figure

Active Brownian particles with velocity-alignment and active fluctuations

We consider a model of active Brownian particles with velocity-alignment in two spatial dimensions with passive and active fluctuations. Hereby, active fluctuations refers to purely non-equilibrium stochastic forces correlated with the heading of an individual active particle. In the simplest case studied here, they are assumed as independent stochastic forces parallel (speed noise) and perpendicular (angular noise) to the velocity of the particle. On the other hand, passive fluctuations are defined by a noise vector independent of the direction of motion of a particle, and may account for example for thermal fluctuations. We derive a macroscopic description of the active Brownian particle gas with velocity-alignment interaction. Hereby, we start from the individual based description in terms of stochastic differential equations (Langevin equations) and derive equations of motion for the coarse grained kinetic variables (density, velocity and temperature) via a moment expansion of the corresponding probability density function. We focus here in particular on the different impact of active and passive fluctuations on the onset of collective motion and show how active fluctuations in the active Brownian dynamics can change the phase-transition behaviour of the system. In particular, we show that active angular fluctuation lead to an earlier breakdown of collective motion and to emergence of a new bistable regime in the mean-field case.Comment: 5 figures, 22 pages, submitted to New Journal of Physic

Asymmetric polarity reversals, bimodal field distribution, and coherence resonance in a spherically symmetric mean-field dynamo model

Using a mean-field dynamo model with a spherically symmetric helical turbulence parameter alpha which is dynamically quenched and disturbed by additional noise, the basic features of geomagnetic polarity reversals are shown to be generic consequences of the dynamo action in the vicinity of exceptional points of the spectrum. This simple paradigmatic model yields long periods of constant polarity which are interrupted by self-accelerating field decays leading to asymmetric polarity reversals. It shows the recently discovered bimodal field distribution, and it gives a natural explanation of the correlation between polarity persistence time and field strength. In addition, we find typical features of coherence resonance in the dependence of the persistence time on the noise.Comment: 5 pages, 7 figure

Magnetic Polarity Stratigraphy and Biostratigraphy of Middle-Late Paleocene Continental Deposits of South-Central Montana

Exposures of the Fort Union Formation on the divide between Hunt Creek and Cub Creek in the northern Clark\u27s Fork Basin, Carbon County, Montana, were selected for magnetostratigraphic study of the transition between the Torrejonian and Tiffanian Land-Mammal Ages. Paleomagnetic samples were collected from 25 sites within a 160 m-thick section of the Fort Union Formation at that location. Rock-magnetic analyses indicate that alternating-field demagnetization to peak fields in the 10 to 40 mT interval successfully removed secondary components of natural remanent magnetism (NRM). Characteristic NRM directions define three polarity zones, a 50 m-thick normal polarity zone bracketed by two reversed polarity zones. The Cub Creek local faunule CC-2 (To3 or Ti1) occurs within the upper portion of the normal polarity zone. Cub Creek local faunules CC-1, CC-3, and Eagle Quarry (all Ti1) occur in the upper reversed polarity zone. These data, along with faunal and magnetostratigraphic data from the San Juan Basin, New Mexico, and the southern Clark\u27s Fork Basin, Wyoming, allow the transition between the Torrejonian and Tiffanian Land-Mammal Ages to be correlated with the later portion of chron 27. Paleomagnetic and paleontologic data from isolated quarries in the southern Clark\u27s Fork Basin allow Mantua Quarry (Pu1) to be correlated with chron 29r, while Rock Bench Quarry correlates with the later portion of chron 27r. Data from the Crazy Mountain Basin in Montana indicate that Silberling Quarry (To3) correlates with chron 27r, while Douglass Quarry (Ti1), Scarritt Quarry (Ti2), and Locality 13 (Ti3) correlate with chron 26r