Judicial Review, Delegation, and Public Hearings Under NEPA

Ever since the inception of the modern computer, researchers and designers alike have been interested in the effects of system delays on users. The current study was conducted in order to examine the most central issues to the field of temporality in interaction, and presents a consolidation of a selection of publications on the subject. A distinction between two types of interactive systems, discretionary and continuous, is proposed in order to situate previous studies by the system being studied. The type of control being exerted by users differs on a fundamental level between the two types, hence affecting the effects of delays. Furthermore, an experiment was conducted to examine the effects of constant, sub-second system delays in discretionary tasks using a digitalised version of the Trail Making Test (FR-TMT, Summala et al., 2008). The experiment yielded but one significant result in form of an improvement in user response time as delays were increased. The other results showed no significant positive or negative effect of increased delays. These results are indicative that the chosen delays do not have any detrimental effects on users, in accordance with the presently coined ’theory of task interruption’. This theory considers delays as either interruptive or non-interruptive and maintains that only delays that disrupt user work-flow are to be removed from interactive systems. The current study gives reason to why some delays can be positive to user interaction, or in themselves be informative of system status, and be an integral part of a feedback structure. Further research is needed before all aspects of system delays are fully understood. New ways of looking at delays and using them in system design, like predictability and predictivity, are becoming more prevalent, and may become the focus of research and temporal design in the near future.

På tiden : Temporalitet i interaktion

Ever since the inception of the modern computer, researchers and designers alike have been interested in the effects of system delays on users. The current study was conducted in order to examine the most central issues to the field of temporality in interaction, and presents a consolidation of a selection of publications on the subject. A distinction between two types of interactive systems, discretionary and continuous, is proposed in order to situate previous studies by the system being studied. The type of control being exerted by users differs on a fundamental level between the two types, hence affecting the effects of delays. Furthermore, an experiment was conducted to examine the effects of constant, sub-second system delays in discretionary tasks using a digitalised version of the Trail Making Test (FR-TMT, Summala et al., 2008). The experiment yielded but one significant result in form of an improvement in user response time as delays were increased. The other results showed no significant positive or negative effect of increased delays. These results are indicative that the chosen delays do not have any detrimental effects on users, in accordance with the presently coined ’theory of task interruption’. This theory considers delays as either interruptive or non-interruptive and maintains that only delays that disrupt user work-flow are to be removed from interactive systems. The current study gives reason to why some delays can be positive to user interaction, or in themselves be informative of system status, and be an integral part of a feedback structure. Further research is needed before all aspects of system delays are fully understood. New ways of looking at delays and using them in system design, like predictability and predictivity, are becoming more prevalent, and may become the focus of research and temporal design in the near future.

Accelerated Behavioural Adaptation through Targeted Training Programs : the Case of Highly Automated Driving

A prominent issue in the field of automotive research is the apparent lack of consideration given to the potentially safety-critical differences between novice and experienced users of Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS). Conducting experiments with novices only often results in the generation of unrepresentative findings, as these new systems often come with a lengthy adaptation period following their introduction. Running experiments with experienced drivers, however, is difficult, as these are often few and far between, if they even exist. To alleviate this discrepancy, and to help researchers acquire participants more akin to experienced drivers, even before a system has been launched, the approach of AcceLerated Behavioural Adaptation through Targeted tRaining prOgramS (ALBATROS) is proposed. It aims at training drivers in the use of the system, ideally giving them a level of experience similar to experienced users of said systems. A framework for the ALBATROS approach is presented, as is the development of a proof-of-concept training program following this approach. Likewise, a mock-up ADAS, that provides drivers with both longitudinal and lateral support of the vehicle, dubbed the Driver Assist (DA), is presented, for which the training program (the DATP) is developed. The current study presents an experiment designed to validate the efficacy of the DATP, and ultimately, the ALBATROS approach itself. The current study concludes that DATP-trained drivers display significantly improved understanding of the DA system following training and are significantly more likely to retake control in critical situations, than are untrained drivers. Thus, the ALBATROS approach appears a viable approach in giving drivers a better understanding of an ADAS system. However, whether the DATP succeeded in creating drivers similar in experience and understanding to real experienced users of said sys- tem, and if so, exactly how similar, is still unknown. More research is needed, specifically, studies comparing experienced users with those having been trained with the ALBATROS approach.