Alternatywny model pomiaru kapitału ludzkiego

The aim of the article is to present an alternative model of human capital and its possible applications in economics and management. This model builds on the general model of capital using the traditional rules in force in the accounting measurement. The combination of these accounting rules with the discovery of constant economic growth potential (which is the discount factor model) allows for the accurate measurement of individual capital and human capital. A description of the human capital model has been extended to compare it with classic models of human capital, including the concept of the human capital of Becker and Schultz. The article contains the presentation of the principles of pay for human capital. These principles arise from the nature of capital and human capital. The presented method of measurement and principles of proper pay for human capital are used in economics and management. In particular, this allows solving a number of important issues of pay, such as the minimum wage, adequate wage inequalities in the economy, wages in the public sector, and may also provide the basis for remunerating companies. They provide an alternative to the dominant economic literature paramount role in shaping the labour market wages.Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie alternatywnego modelu kapitału ludzkiego oraz możliwości zastosowania w ekonomii i zarządzaniu. Model ten stanowi rozwinięcie ogólnego modelu kapitału wykorzystującego tradycyjne zasady pomiaru obowiązujące w rachunkowości. Połączenie tych zasad rachunkowości z odkryciem stałej ekonomicznej potencjalnego wzrostu (stanowiącej w modelu czynnik dyskontujący) pozwala na dokładny pomiar kapitału oraz indywidualnego kapitału ludzkiego. Opis modelu kapitału ludzkiego został poszerzony o porównanie go z klasycznymi modelami kapitału ludzkiego, m.in. koncepcją kapitału ludzkiego Beckera i Shultza. Artykuł zawiera również prezentację zasad opłacenia kapitału ludzkiego. Zasady te wynikają z natury kapitału i kapitału ludzkiego. Przedstawiona metoda pomiaru oraz zasady właściwego opłacenia kapitału ludzkiego znajdują zastosowanie w ekonomii i zarządzaniu. W szczególności pozwalają na rozwiązanie szeregu ważnych kwestii płacowych takich, jak płaca minimalna, adekwatne nierówności płacowe w gospodarce, płace w sektorze publicznym, jak również mogą stanowić podstawę systemów wynagradzania przedsiębiorstw. Stanowią tym samym alternatywę dla dominującej w literaturze ekonomicznej nadrzędnej roli rynku pracy w kształtowaniu wynagrodzeń

Advances in osteosynthesis - a basic overview of modern fixation materials

The dynamic development of trauma-orthopedic surgery and accompanying material technology has led in recent years to the need for close cooperation between researchers in these fields. In a short time, thanks to the cooperation of engineers and doctors, the general approach to the method of bone anastomosis has changed significantly. The need to optimize the effects of treatment, i.e. to quickly recovery, reduce the number of postoperative complications, reduce the number of reoperations, and reduce the costs of procedures and treatment used has resulted in the development of many new technologies that have set trends in modern traumatology. The widespread use of LCP (Locking compression plate) and locking screws, the development of polymers and biopolymers with a modified chemical structure, a significant improvement in the biocompatibility and cytocompatibility of the materials used, and the implementation of products with significant micro-roughness that improve osseointegration are the well-known and commonly used effects of this cooperation today . Materials science related to orthopedics is an extremely complex and multi-threaded field. Its continuous development requires a periodic summary of the results and development directions provided, which allows faster evaluation and interpretation by researchers. The purpose of the following work is to summarize the latest research on materials and methods used in osteosynthesis in a legible way for potential recipients of this information from various fields

Dealing with polysemy in the Polish sign language using the OWL ontology

A common problem of natural language processing is synonymy, polysemy, and homonymy. In the paper, we propose to deal with polysemy in the Polish sign language using the knowledge included in the OWL2 ontology created for this purpose. The proposed approach aids the translation process of the Polish sign language into the Polish language by selection from the possible phrases, only those, with the reasonable meaning

The latest applications of photoplethysmography

The development of medicine and the ability to conduct effective therapy in increasingly severe cases createthe need to develop new methods of continuous and non-invasive monitoring of the patient’s condition. One ofthe techniques that is widely used in many fields of medicine is photoplethysmography (PPG). The analysis ofthe latest research indicates that PPG can have much more applications than the measurement of heart rateand arterial saturation of the patient — as shown by the latest research, it can be used in the measurementof many other key parameters.The optimism is the multitude of areas in which PPG monitoring is attempted. There are more and more attemptsto use photoplethysmography in diagnosis and evaluation of peripheral vascular diseases, assessment ofcirculation in diabetic patients and assessment of endothelial function. Authors are focusing on new applicationsof PPG, its advantages and limitations. Most of them agree that PPG can provide useful knowledge about thepatient’s condition while being a quick, easy-to-use and cost-effective technique.The following review was created to critically analyze the latest technical developments and uses of PPG inclinical practice. Sources for the following article were found using the PubMed database using keywords suchas “photoplethysmography”, “oxygen saturation” and “pulse oximeter”

Current trends in Anterior Cruciate Ligament reconstructions

The rupture of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is a common complication of knee trauma. Arthroscopic ACL reconstructive surgery is the method of choice in most of these cases. This is an increasingly common procedure due to low invasiveness, good treatment results and a constantly growing number of operators able to perform them. The aim of the study is to review currently used methods for the reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament. There are many types of transplants, and the choice depends on individual factors (including gender, age, occupation, physical activity) and the patient's expectations. The operator's skills and preferences also determine the choice of therapy. Considering the above-mentioned aspects, authors of the study will analyze ACL reconstruction methods based on the latest literature. Currently, the basic treatment of ACL injuries are arthroscopic procedures. Due to the various types of transplants, the procedure, result and complications may vary depending on the choice. An autograft is the preferred treatment for this injury. Autografts that are prefered are the ligaments of the semitendinosus muscle and the patellar tendon. Less frequently used autografts include ligaments of the quadriceps muscle of the thigh and gastrocnemius muscle (Achilles tendon). Another type of transplant is an allograft. The graft is taken from a donor (a deceased donor in cases of ligament transplants). It is less frequently used due to its high cost, lower strength compared to an autograft and a greater number of complications. The third type of transplants are synthetic grafts. These are fibers made of materials such as Gore-Tex. Synthetic grafts are also rarely used for the same reasons as allografts. Internal Bracing (IB) is becoming a more popular procedure. This method allows you to re-attach broken ligaments in their original position. This is possible if only one end of the ligament is broken. An important issue is the number of bundles (single-bundle, double-bundle), the position and the type of attachment (titanium screws, absorbable, endobutton). The final choice of the treatment method depends on the operator's skills and preferences

Coronary arteries anomalies (CAA) as a cause of a sudden cardiac death (SCD) among young athletes - review

Introduction and objective Congenital coronary arteries anomalies (CAA) are one of the most common causes of a sudden cardiac death (SCD) among young athletes. CAA are serious diagnostic and clinical issue because in many patients there are no characteristic clinical symptoms and commonly used tests are not enough to reveal many types of anatomical abnormalities. Authors of this review would like to present current state of knowledge of CAA and their diagnostics, as well as recommendations for proceeding in patients with diagnosed CAA to prevent SCD. Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge According to statistics CAA are rare congenital heart defects however they are associated with a more frequent occurrence of SCD. The mechanism of this phenomenon has not been fully explained but there are several hypotheses. The most important of which concerns the dimension of the angle of branch of the coronary artery from the sinus of Valsalva. Numerous clinical studies on SCD pay attention to the occurrence of asymptomatic CAA as the main cause of SCD right after hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Among strategies of proceeding recommended after the diagnosis of CAA, there are pharmacological and surgical treatment, however it hasn't been established which of them is the best for young athletes. Summary One of the most important things to prevent SCD in the course of CAA seems to be creating universal guidelines for early diagnosis and treatment of this congenital defect. Widespread learning first aid and increasing availability of automatic external defibrillators (AED) are also important. SCD of a young athlete is a tragedy not only for the family but also for the whole sporting environment, that is why it is in the public interest to find an answer to the question how we can prevent that cases in the future

SOLARIS National Synchrotron Radiation Centre in Krakow, Poland

The SOLARIS synchrotron located in Krakow, Poland, is a third-generation light source operating at medium electron energy. The first synchrotron light was observed in 2015, and the consequent development of infrastructure lead to the first users’ experiments at soft X-ray energies in 2018. Presently, SOLARIS expands its operation towards hard X-rays with continuous developments of the beamlines and concurrent infrastructure. In the following, we will summarize the SOLARIS synchrotron design, and describe the beamlines and research infrastructure together with the main performance parameters, upgrade, and development plans

Zarządzanie procesami rynkowymi

Ze wstępu: "Opracowanie niniejsze przekazywane do rąk czytelników to plon działalności naukowej pracowników Wydziału Zarządzania i Marketingu Krakowskiej Szkoły Wyższej im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego oraz pracowników innych uczelni z Polski i Europy. Duże zróżnicowanie tematyczne wynika m. in. z rozwoju Uczelni, Wydziału i poszerzenia współpracy krajowej i międzynarodowej z innymi jednostkami naukowymi. Pomimo tego, iż wiele artykułów ze względu na podejmowane w nich problemy trudno jednoznacznie zakwalifikować do jednej wąskiej dziedziny, zdecydowano o podziale materiału na trzy części: zarządzanie, finanse i marketing. O zakwalifikowaniu opracowania do poszczególnych części zadecydowała nie tylko istota rozważanego tematu, ale także często bardzo interesujące i odkrywcze powiązania z innymi dziedzinami szeroko pojętego zarządzania i ekonomii. Stąd też publikacja jest recenzowana przez trzech niezależnych recenzentów."(...

Structure of knowledge in the society as a determinant of fair labour income inequalities in Poland in 2004-2014

Artykuł porusza kwestię godziwych nierówności płacowych analizowanych na przykładzie Polski. Płace godziwe zdefiniowano jako wynagrodzenie adekwatne do wartości kapitału ludzkiego pracowników. Przyjęto, że tak zdefiniowane zróżnicowanie płac powinno wynikać z rozkładu wartości indywidualnego (osobistego) kapitału ludzkiego zatrudnionych w badanej gospodarce. Zgodnie z modelem kapitału ludzkiego M. Dobii, odwołującego się do postulatu zgodności płacy z wartością pracy, ową zdolność do wykonywania pracy zwiększają m.in. nakłady na edukację oraz zdobyte doświadczenie zawodowe. Na podstawie danych statystycznych opracowano wzorcową próbę zatrudnionych, dla której obliczono wartość zarobków wynikającą z wartości kapitału ludzkiego. Pozwoliło to na podanie naturalnych nierówności płacowych, czyli nierówności wynikających z rozkładu indywidualnego kapitału ludzkiego w społeczeństwie. W dalszej kolejności porównano naturalny poziom z rzeczywistym poziomem nierówności dochodowych w Polsce. Całość rozważań opatrzono stosownymi wnioskami zamieszczonymi na końcu artykułu.The article rises a question of fair wage inequalities, analyzed on the example of Poland. Fair wage was defined as a compensation that is adequate to the value of human capital of employees. It was assumed that such a definition of wage inequalities should result from the distribution of an individual human capital of employees in a studied economy. According to the M. Dobija model of human capital, referring to a postulate of compatibility of pay with value of work, the ability to perform work can be achieved through expenditure on education end accumulated work experience. Based on the statistical data, a sample of employees was selected, for which value of wage resulting from the value of human capital was calculated. This resulted in determining of natural wage inequalities, which are the inequalities resulting from a distribution of an individual human capital in the society. Subsequently, the natural level of wage inequality was compared with the actual level of wage inequality in Poland. The conclusion of the discussion with its outcomes was placed at the end of article

Minimum Wages in Context of Human Capital Theory

This paper presents original approach to human capital taking into accounts abstract nature of capital and existing 8% economic constant of potential growth. First part describes main dilemmas of minimum wages existence. Next part is an introduction to alternative model of human capital. Main part of article is presentation of theory of fair wages, understood as human capital derivative. According to alternative model of human capital, fair wage is defined as money stream which fully compensate human capital dispersion. That assumption can find application to solve economic problems such fair minimum wages system