Papillary thyroid carcinoma arising from a mature teratoma in a cryptorchid testis : a case report

Struma testis is a rare entity, and malignant transformation of a testicular teratoma to papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has only once been previously described. Furthermore, sold tumor metastases to the testis are rare, with a less than 1% rate of testicular metastases from solid tumors, and there are no reports of primary thyroid carcinomas metastasizing to the testis. We report the case of a 56 year old man who was found to have a cryptorchid testis containing a mature teratoma with malignant somatic component in the form of a 1.6 centimeter PTC

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Intensities in Cognitive Paradigms

BACKGROUND: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has become an important experimental tool for exploring the brain's functional anatomy. As TMS interferes with neural activity, the hypothetical function of the stimulated area can thus be tested. One unresolved methodological issue in TMS experiments is the question of how to adequately calibrate stimulation intensities. The motor threshold (MT) is often taken as a reference for individually adapted stimulation intensities in TMS experiments, even if they do not involve the motor system. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether it is reasonable to adjust stimulation intensities in each subject to the individual MT if prefrontal regions are stimulated prior to the performance of a cognitive paradigm. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Repetitive TMS (rTMS) was applied prior to a working memory task, either at the 'fixed' intensity of 40% maximum stimulator output (MSO), or individually adapted at 90% of the subject's MT. Stimulation was applied to a target region in the left posterior middle frontal gyrus (pMFG), as indicated by a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) localizer acquired beforehand, or to a control site (vertex). Results show that MT predicted the effect size after stimulating subjects with the fixed intensity (i.e., subjects with a low MT showed a greater behavioral effect). Nevertheless, the individual adaptation of intensities did not lead to stable effects. CONCLUSION: Therefore, we suggest assessing MT and account for it as a measure for general cortical TMS susceptibility, even if TMS is applied outside the motor domain

GNU Radio 4.0 for real-time signal-processing and feedback applications at FAIR

At FAIR, GNU Radio* is being used as part of the generic monitoring and first-line diagnostics for acceleratorrelated devices, and to further support equipment experts, operation, and FAIR users in developing basic to advanced top-level measurement and control loops. GNU Radio is a free and open-source software development toolkit supporting hundreds of low-cost to high-performance industrial digitizers with sampling frequencies ranging from a few MS/s to GS/s~\cite{gnuradio, gnuradio_github, gnuradio4_github, FAIR_Digitizer, FAIR_Digitizer2}. At its core are directed signal flow graphs expressing arbitrary post-processing and feedback control loop logic that are both numerically highly efficient as well as providing an intuitive yet detailed nuts-and-bolts representation. This facilitates to inspect and/or to reconfigure existing systems by accelerator-, control- or other system domain-experts alike with little to no prior required programming experience. This contribution describes the community-driven improvement and modernisation process leading to GNU Radio 4.0 supporting improved type-safety, improved performance, and new features such as event-driven data processing, nanosecond-level synchronisation using White-Rabbit, and slow feedback loops

GNU Radio

GNU Radio is a free & open-source software development toolkit that provides signal processing blocks to implement software radios. It can be used with readily-available, low-cost external RF hardware to create software-defined radios, or without hardware in a simulation-like environment. It is widely used in hobbyist, academic, and commercial environments to support both wireless communications research and real-world radio systems