Chemical characterization, antioxidative and antimicrobial properties of polysaccharide extracts from the selected mushroom species

Polisaharidi gljiva, biljaka i mikroorganizama privlače veliku pažnju zbog svojih interesantnih bioloških svojstava kao što su: antitumorno, antivirusno, antioksidativno, antikomplementarno, antikoagulaciono, hipolipidemijsko dejstvo, kao i imunomodulatorska i imunostimulativna aktivnost, što ih sve čini pogodnim za primenu u mnogim oblastima, među kojima su i prehrambena industrija, kozmetika, biomedicina, poljoprivreda, zaštita životne sredine i otpadnih voda. Oksidativna oštećenja prirodnih i industrijski pripremljenih namirnica predstavljaju veliki ekonomski problem u prehrambenoj industriji, jer direktno utiču na karakteristike kvaliteta kao što su ukus, boja, tekstura i nutritivne vrednosti. Pored toga, može doći do nastanka potencijalno toksičnih proizvoda. Reaktivne vrste kiseonika učestvuju u patofiziologiji različitih kliničkih poremećaja, kao što su: ishemija, reperfuzione povrede, infarkt miokarda, reumatoidni artritis, neurodegenerativni poremećaji, ateroskleroza, hipertenzija, hemoragički šok i dijabetes. Mikrobiološko kvarenje hrane i trovanje hranom su jedan od najvažnijih problema sa kojima se suočava prehrambena industrija. Alimentarne intoksikacije su danas globalni problem. Porast rezistentnosti patogena na poznate lekove stvara potrebu za razvojem novih antimikrobnih agenasa. U ovom radu su proučavana antioksidativna i antimikrobna svojstva polisaharidnih ekstrakata odabranih vrsta gljiva iz klase Basidiomycetes: Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus brasiliensis, Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinula edodes, Phellinus linteus i Trametes versicolor.Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da polisaharidni ekstrakti, dobijeni nakon ekstrakcije vrelom vodom, alkoholne precipitacije i dijalize, predstavljaju smešu/komplekse polisaharida, proteina i fenola...Polysaccharides from mushrooms, plants and microorganisms have received considerable attention due to their biological activities, such as antitumor, antiviral, antioxidation, anticomplementary, anticoagulant, hypolipidemic, immunostimulant and immunological activities, which made them possible to be used in many fields including food, cosmetics, biomedicine, agriculture, environmental protection and wastewater management. Oxidative deterioration in natural and processed foods is a large economic concern in the food industry because it affects many quality characteristics such as flavor, color, texture, and the nutritive value of foods. In addition, its products are potentially toxic. Also, reactive oxygen species have been implicated in the pathophysiology of various clinical disorders, including ischemia, reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, rheumatoid arthritis, neurodegenerative processes, atherosclerosis, acute hypertension, hemorrhagic shock and diabetes mellitus. Food spoilage and food poisoning are among the most important issues facing the food industry. Foodborne illness is a global problem. Development of novel antibacterial compounds for resistant organisms is becoming critically important. The present study was focused on the researching of possible antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of polysaccharide extracts from the selected Basidiomycetes mushroom species: Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus brasiliensis, Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinula edodes, Phellinus linteus and Trametes versicolor. Based on the analysis, the extracts contained a mixture/complex of polysaccharides, proteins and polyphenols, which were still present in the extracts after hot water treatment, ethanol precipitation and dialysis..

Antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of champignon mushroom

Fruiting bodies of some wild and cultivatable mushrooms contain medicinal compounds which are being used in traditional medicines and cosmetics. Champignon mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is the most widely cultivated species of edible mushroom worldwide. This paper focuses on antioxidant and antimicrobial importance of A bisporus. Water-soluble polysaccharide-enriched fraction was isolated from the dry carpophores of Agaricus bisporus. Antioxidant activities were investigated using in vitro assay systems: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and chelating ability on ferrous ions. Antimicrobial activity was tested against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria in vitro by disk diffusion method in order to determine the zones of inhibition. At concentrations of 0.1-10 mg/ml, the scavenging abilities of A bisporus ranged between 12.3-75.5 %. The radical scavenging ability of the positive controls-tocopherol and ascorbic acid, at the concentrations of 0.1-20 mg/ml, were between 79.9-80.8 and 80.6-91.1 %, respectively. Polysaccharide extract from A bisporus showed steadily increasing chelating ability as concentrations increased to 88.2 % at 20 mg/ml. The chelating ability of the citric acid was between 7.2-10.7 %, at the concentrations of 0.1-20 mg/ml. The study of antimicrobial potential of polysaccharide extract showed more potent activity against Gram-positive Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 49532 (26.7 ± 0.2 mm), Bacillus cereus 10876 (27.5 ± 0.4 mm), Geobacillus stearothermophylus ATCC 7953 (22.8 ± 0.3 mm) than Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 35032 (10.4 ± 0.6 mm), Proteus hauseri ATCC 13315 (12.1 ± 0.1 mm) Escherichia coli (0157:H7) 35150 (12.7 ± 0.4 mm) with exception of Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 27736 (22.3 ± 0.2 mm)

Antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of champignon mushroom

Fruiting bodies of some wild and cultivatable mushrooms contain medicinal compounds which are being used in traditional medicines and cosmetics. Champignon mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is the most widely cultivated species of edible mushroom worldwide. This paper focuses on antioxidant and antimicrobial importance of A bisporus. Water-soluble polysaccharide-enriched fraction was isolated from the dry carpophores of Agaricus bisporus. Antioxidant activities were investigated using in vitro assay systems: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and chelating ability on ferrous ions. Antimicrobial activity was tested against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria in vitro by disk diffusion method in order to determine the zones of inhibition. At concentrations of 0.1-10 mg/ml, the scavenging abilities of A bisporus ranged between 12.3-75.5 %. The radical scavenging ability of the positive controls-tocopherol and ascorbic acid, at the concentrations of 0.1-20 mg/ml, were between 79.9-80.8 and 80.6-91.1 %, respectively. Polysaccharide extract from A bisporus showed steadily increasing chelating ability as concentrations increased to 88.2 % at 20 mg/ml. The chelating ability of the citric acid was between 7.2-10.7 %, at the concentrations of 0.1-20 mg/ml. The study of antimicrobial potential of polysaccharide extract showed more potent activity against Gram-positive Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 49532 (26.7 ± 0.2 mm), Bacillus cereus 10876 (27.5 ± 0.4 mm), Geobacillus stearothermophylus ATCC 7953 (22.8 ± 0.3 mm) than Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 35032 (10.4 ± 0.6 mm), Proteus hauseri ATCC 13315 (12.1 ± 0.1 mm) Escherichia coli (0157:H7) 35150 (12.7 ± 0.4 mm) with exception of Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 27736 (22.3 ± 0.2 mm)

ANTIOXIDATIVE AND IMMUNOMODULATING POTENTIAL OF THE MUSHROOM Phellinus linteus

Phellinus linteus is a popular medicinal mushroom that is widely used in Asian countries. A number of studies have confirmed that P. linteus possesses exceptional biological potential useful for pharmacological applications, including anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective effects. The objective of the present study was to evaluate antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of hot water polysaccharide extract obtained from the medicinal mushroom Phellinus linteus (Berk. et Curt.) Teng. FT-IR was used to study the polysaccharide profile of the extract. Its antioxidant potential was measured by the conjugated diene method in the linoleic acid model system. Immunomodulation was tested in vitro by measuring the synthesis of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in healthy human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The FT-IR spectrum of P. linteus hot water extracted polysaccharides showed a typical carbohydrate pattern. A small amount of proteins was also observed with characteristic absorptions at 1635, 1540 and 1412 cm-1 . Measurements of antioxidant properties in linoleic acid model system revealed relatively high antioxidant activity with EC50 value of 7.11 mg/mL. After 48 h of P. linteus polysaccharide extract incubation, the IFN-γ titer displayed immunosuppressive effect, 32.6 pg/mL. The IFN-γ titer for the suspension of PBMCs in PBS, which was used as a positive control, was found to be 135.2 pg/mL. Differences in IFN- γ contents in P. linteus extract vs. model control were strongly significant (p < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that the polysaccharide extract of P. linteus acts as a natural antioxidant and possesses immunomodulatory properties. Therefore, it can be a suitable raw material for the development of antioxidant food additives. In addition, due to the possible immunosuppressive effect P. linteus polysaccharide extract is particularly interesting and could find application in suppression of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis

Influence of structural features on immunostimulating activity of glucans extracted from Agaricus blazei mushroom

High molecular weight b-D-glucans derived from Basidiomycetes cell walls are able to specifically activate cellular and humoral components of the host immune system. The aim of this paper was to examine immunomodulating activity of native, chemically and enzimatically modified glucans from Agaricus blazei mushroom and to determine which structural features are of primary importance for their stimulation referring to humane immune cells. The immunomodulating activities were tested in vitro, by stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and measuring of interferon-gamma (IFN-g) production by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Measurements of immunomodulatory capacity of Agaricus blazei native glucans showed their expressive immunostimulating effect on activated PBMCs and synthesis of IFN-g. The results obtained after the stimulation of cells with 1M H2SO4 and 1M NaOH, the treated glucans showed that primary structure is of more importance than the tertiary structure of the triple helix for their immunostimulating activity and synthesis of IFN-g. Glucans of lower molecular weight obtained after acid hydrolysis appeared as effective immunostimulators of PBMC's. The results obtained after the incubation of cells with 1,6 b-glucanase modified glucans suggest that b-(1,6) binding of glucose monomers probably has no importance for the production of imunostimulating effects, in vitro. This confirmed that b-(1,3) bonds are the primary determinants of immunomodulatory activities and stimulation of IFN-g synthesis

Компаративни прглед здравствених ефеката комерцијално узгајане гљиве Agaricus bisporus и самоникле врсте гливе Ganoderma resinaceum

The health promoting effects of hot water extracts obtained from fruiting bodies of the commercially cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus (AbHW) and the wild-growing mushroom Ganoderma resinaceum (GrHW) originating from northern Serbia are presented in this research. These abilities were compared in vitro by the prevention of lipid peroxidation (LPx) in a linoleic acid model system, inhibition of the angiotension converting I enzyme (ACE) that could help in the maintenance of a normal blood pressure level and strengthening the ability of the central cholinergic neuron by inhibiting the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Cytotoxic activities were observed towards selected human malignant (HeLa and K562) cell lines and normal- -human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). GrHW contains higher phenolics (5.9 g (100 g)-1), inhibition of LPx (EC50 = 1.07 mg mL-1), ACE (IC50 = 0.54 mg mL-1) and AChE (IC50 = 0.37 mg mL-1), and exhibited a significant selectivity in the antitumour action against HeLa (IC50 = 0.14 mg mL-1) and K562 (IC50 = 0.11 mg mL-1) cells. AbHW contained higher total protein (6.4 g (100 g)-1), carbohydrate (75.4 g (100 g)-1) and β-glucan (55.1 g (100 g)-1) contents and induced significant proliferation of healthy PBMC from 152–116 % in the concentration range of 0.047–0.187 mg mL-1. The difference in the biological activity of the extracts provides guidance on their use as functional food.У овоме раду поређен је здраствени ефекaт врелих водених екстраката добијених из плодоносних тела комерцијално узгајане јестиве гљиве Agaricus bisporus (AbHW) и самоникле врсте гљиве Ganoderma resinaceum (GrHW) из региона северне Србије. Здраствени ефекат је поређен in vitro превенцијом липидне пероксидације (LPx) у модел систему линолеинске киселине, инхибицијом ангиотензин конвертујућег ензима (ACE) који има улогу у одржавању нормалног нивоа крвног притиска и јачањем способности централних холинергичких неурона инхибицијом активности ацетилхолинестеразе (AChE). Цитотоксична активност је праћена на хуманим ћелијама тумора грлића материц (HeLa) и ћелијама хроничне мијелоидне леукемије (K562), као и на здравим мононуклеарним ћелијама периферног крвотока (PBMC). GrHW је показао већи садржај фенолних компоненти (5,9 g (100 g)-1), већу способност инхибиције LPx (EC50 = 1,07 mg mL-1), ACE (IC50 = 0,54 mg mL-1) и AChE (IC50 = 0,37 mg mL-1); показао је већу селективност у антитуморском дејству према HeLa (IC50 = 0,14 mg mL-1) и K562 (IC50 = 0,11 mg mL-1) ћелијама. AbHW је показао већи укупни садржај протеина (6,4 g (100 g)-1), угљених хидрата (75,4 g (100 g)-1) и β-глукана (55,1 g (100 g)-1) и значајно je стимулисао пролиферацију PBMC ћелија од 152–116 % у распону концентрација од 0,046–0,187 mg mL-1. Разлика у биолошкој активности екстраката даје смернице у њиховој примени као функционалнe хранe

Changes of quality and free radical scavenging activity of strawberry and raspberry frozen under different conditions

The effects of different freezing methods and long-term frozen storage on quality of strawberry and raspberry were investigated, that is, the retention of initial property and free radical scavenging (AO) activity after individual quick freezing (IQF) and conventional (discontinuous) freezing. The physicochemical properties, vitamin C, and AO activity were more affected by long-term frozen storage than by freezing itself; however, their better retention was obtained after IQF. Moreover, AO activity was found to be higher in frozen samples compared to fresh fruits, but significant decrease was detected after 8 months of frozen storage. Despite the significantly higher initial content of vitamin C in strawberry, it demonstrated a lower AO activity than raspberry. Sensory attributes were significantly affected by freezing; the most considerable changes were recorded on their texture/firmness, especially after conventional (slow) freezing. Therefore, IQF can generally be suggested as a more suitable method of preserving these delicate fruits than slow freezing. Practical applications: Nowadays, consumers are increasingly interested in foods that possess not only good nutritional value but also health-promoting property. Berries are known as rich sources of micronutrients and antioxidant compounds, but consumption of fresh strawberry and raspberry fruits may be limited because of seasonal and market availability; therefore, they must be preserved commonly by freezing. Frozen food industry is of crucial importance for developing countries, in which the fast freezing industry is rapidly developed. Investigation of the effect of industrial freezing and frozen storage on retention of the quality-related property and antioxidant activity is important for providing the best quality for consumers and health benefits, as well as international fruit trade. In addition, the results obtained in this study could provide best practice and guidance for the frozen fruit industry