Transformation of a large multi-speciality hospital into a dedicated COVID-19 centre during the coronavirus pandemic

Introduction. The article describes the process of converting a large multi-specialized hospital into one dedicated to COVID-19 patients, and present established standards of work organization in all the wards and training system of the medical and supporting staff. The several weeks pandemic of the COVID-19 disease has forced the healthcare systems of numerous countries to adjust their resources to the care of the growing number of COVID-19 patients. Managers were presented with the challenge of protecting the healthcare workers from transmission of the disease within medical institutions, and issues concerning the physical and psychological depletion of personnel. Materials and method. Based on analyses of the structure and work processes in Central Clinical Hospital (CCH) reconstructive strategic plan was developed. It included: division of existing wards into observation and isolation wards; installing locks; weekly plan for supplying personal protection equipment (PPE); designating new access to the hospital and communication routes; training of medical and supporting staff. The plan was implemented from the first days of conversion of the hospital. Results. The wards of the CCH were converted for observation and isolation, and each one was fitted with sanitary locks. There was a big improvement in the supply of PPE for the medical staff. Separation of the ‘dirty’ and ‘clean’ parts of the CCH were attained, and widespread intensive training not only protected personnel against infections, but also diminished unrest which was discernable at the beginning of conversion. Conclusions. The transformation efforts will ultimately be appraised at the end of the epidemic, but the data looks encouraging. Two weeks after conversion, the testing of hospital Staff was started and by the end of April, 459 tests were had been conducted, of which only 11 were positive

Doustne antykoagulanty nowej generacji — aspekty praktyczne. Stanowisko Sekcji Farmakoterapii Sercowo-Naczyniowej Polskiego Towarzystwa Kardiologicznego

This document is a statement from Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy Section of the Polish Cardiac Society regarding the practical approach to therapy with novel oral anticoagulants — thrombin antagonists and Xa antagonists, based upon most recent scientific information including European Society of Cardiology guidelines 2016 and recommendations from European Heart Rhythm Association.    Niniejszy dokument jest stanowiskiem Sekcji Farmakoterapii Sercowo-Naczyniowej Polskiego Towarzystwa Kardiologicznego na temat praktycznego stosowania nowych doustnych antykoagulantów — antagonistów trombiny i czynnika Xa, z uwzględnieniem najnowszych danych, w tym wytycznych Europejskiego Towarzystwa Kardiologicznego i rekomendacji Europejskiej Asocjacji Rytmu Serca.

Architektura Miasto Piękno tom 2

"Wydział Architektury Politechniki Krakowskiej zawsze był miejscem pełnym osobowości, indywidualności, talentów. Gdy profesorowie i mistrzowie odchodzili z Wydziału, mieliśmy świadomość, że tu nigdy już nie będzie tak samo. Wydział jednak trwał i trwa jak piękno miasta, które jest przecież dziełem zbiorowym, o nakładających się warstwach, wzmacniających i tworzących jego tożsamość. Tak też kolejne pokolenia kontynuują i budują historię Wydziału. Wydział pełen jest wspomnień i anegdot. W fotografiach, księgach, obrazach, meblach kryją się opowieści."(...

Systematicity of General Principles of (International) Law – An Outline

International law reflects systemic conditions compatible with its essence, which means that a space must exist inside the borders of that order for the presence of the phenomenon of general principles. The assumption that international law is a legal system ipso facto means that general principles must exist within its borders. A general principle of law is a necessary element of every legal order. It is a form and a tool in which the efforts of the individual seeking to comprehend a given phenomenon are materialized through imposing order on it rather than by breaking it down into unconnected and independent elements. Since law is an expression of order, law therefore applies general principles. The systematicity of law, and therefore of international law as well, creates the primary source of the binding force of any norm. Considerations of natural law or positive law justifications for the presence of general principles in international law are of little consequence, as the source of general principles is the systemic nature of the law. Order and hierarchy are part of the rationalized system in which norms of law present themselves. This dependency applies also to norms of international law. The role of the judge is to fill in the appropriate normative content (general principles) in fields constituting at one and the same time both a necessary element and a consequence of the systemic character of the international legal order. Within this context the principle of good faith constitutes one of the bases for considerations concerning the extent of the international legal order. The extent of international law reaches as far as the extent to which evidence of good faith are present among the subjects of international law. The impossibility of describing relations between two states by the use of the determinants of good faith, translated in turn into a normative general principle, determinates the limits of international law

Wyrok Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej w sprawie niezależności polskich sądów (sprawy połączone C-585/18, C-624/18, C-625/18) a konstytucyjny wymóg przestrzegania przez Rzeczpospolitą Polską wiążącego ją prawa międzynarodowego — implikacje

Article 9 of the Polish Constitution together with Article 2 and Article 91 par. 1–3 of the Polish Constitution create a strong and unambiguous basis for binding character and direct effect of the CJEU judgements in the sphere of national law. The legal force of this obligation arises from general international law, reinforced by the constitutional nature of provisions that reproduce it in the field of internal law. The direct effect of CJEU judgements in the law of a Member State is the result of a complex interpretation derived from the combination of linguistic, systemic, and teleological methods, taking into account the principles of good faith and pacta sunt servanda. The direct effect of the judgement of the CJEU in national law to the fullest extent reflects the fulfill-ment of the commitment to comply with the international law binding Poland and to implement the idea of a democratic state ruled by law. Failure to comply with the obligation to enforce the judgement of an international court operating within the structure of an international organisation (EU), to which Poland, drawing from its sovereignty, has acceded through its international agree-ments, constitutes a wrongdoing involving the responsibility of Poland under international law. The position concerned implies a breach of treaty obligations towards organisations and all other Mem-ber States. To remedy this breach would require either the consent of all Member States to remove the basis of liability in a particular case or a change in the EU law of specified provisions being the source of the obligations in question. Any unilateral actions undertaken by Poland are not able to cause any of these effects. The international legal responsibility takes at first the form of lex specialis provided for within the organisation (e.g. procedure under Article 7 TEU, judgements and interim orders of the CJEU, financial penalties). Secondly, this responsibility is then governed by the general principles of international law. So, in the final instance, a breach of an obligation that will be iden-tified with a violation of the object and purpose of the Treaties constituting the EU may be grounds for excluding a Member State from the EU without its consent (Article 60 (2) of the VCLT) apart from the Article 50 TEU realm.Artykuł 9 Konstytucji RP wraz z art. 2 oraz 91 ust. 1–3 Konstytucji RP tworzą silną i jed-noznaczną podstawę do nadania wyrokom TSUE wiążącego charakteru i bezpośredniej skuteczno-ści w sferze prawa krajowego. Moc prawna tego zobowiązania wyrasta z powszechnego prawa mię-dzynarodowego, wzmocnionego konstytucyjnym charakterem przepisów, które odwzorowują go na płaszczyźnie prawa wewnętrznego. Bezpośrednia skuteczność wyroków TSUE w prawie państwa członkowskiego jest wynikiem złożonej wykładni czerpiącej z zespolenia metod językowej, syste-mowej i celowościowej, z uwzględnieniem zasad dobrej wiary i pacta sunt servanda. Bezpośrednia skuteczność wyroku TSUE w prawie krajowym w stopniu najpełniejszym stanowi o wywiązaniu się z zobowiązania o przestrzeganiu przez Rzeczpospolitą Polską wiążącego ją prawa międzynarodowego oraz urzeczywistniania idei demokratycznego państwa prawnego. Niewywiązanie się z obowiązku wy-konania wyroku sądu międzynarodowego funkcjonującego w strukturze organizacji międzynarodowej (UE), do której Polska, czerpiąc ze swojej suwerenności, przystąpiła za pośrednictwem zawartych przez siebie umów międzynarodowych, stanowi o odpowiedzialności Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na gruncie prawa międzynarodowego. Stan ten oznacza naruszenie zobowiązań traktatowych wobec or-ganizacji i wszystkich pozostałych państw członkowskich. Sanowanie tego naruszenia wymagałoby zgody wszystkich państw członkowskich albo na usunięcie podstawy odpowiedzialności w konkret-nym przypadku, albo na zmianę prawa unijnego stanowiącego źródło przedmiotowych zobowiązań. Jakiekolwiek jednostronne działania RP nie są w stanie wywołać żadnego z tych skutków. W wypadku wdrażania odpowiedzialności międzynarodowoprawnej w pierwszej kolejności przyjmuje ona postać wewnątrzorganizacyjną (na przykład procedura z art. 7 TUE, wyroki i zarządzenia tymczasowe TSUE, kary finansowe). W dalszej kolejności odpowiedzialnością tą rządzą zasady ogólne prawa międzyna-rodowego. W ostatecznym rozrachunku naruszenie zobowiązania, które zostanie utożsamione z po-gwałceniem przedmiotu i celu traktatów konstytuujących UE, może stanowić podstawę wykluczenia państwa członkowskiego z UE bez jego zgody (art. 60 ust. 2 KWPT) niezależnie od ścieżki wystąpie-nia z organizacji przewidzianej w art. 50 TUE

Opinion on the choice of procedure for granting consent to ratification of the Trea‑ ty of accession of Croatia to the European Union

The essence of the analyzed problem is expressed in the need to decide which procedure for ratification as provided in the Constitution, applies to this Treaty because of its legal nature and the underlying content, especially in connection with the concept of transfer of powers to the European Union. In accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, an appropriate procedure for ratification by the Republic of Poland of the Treaty of Accession of the Republic of Croatia is its ratification by the President of the Republic with prior consent granted by statute (under the Article 89 paragraph 1 of the Constitution)

Populism as a Factor of Destabilisation in Consolidated Democracies

This study offers a discussion of the dangers to the stability of political systems in consolidated democracies posed by contemporary populism, with a particular focus on the dynamic development of extreme right-wing populism. The author considers the consequences of efficient populist campaigns, such as Brexit in Great Britain, lowered trust towards the United States under Trump’s administration and practices followed by the Law and Justice party (PiS) under the leadership of Jarosław Kaczyński in Poland, which seem especially destructive for liberal democracy. Further examples are those of Hungary and Turkey, where the political systems have eroded into semi-consolidated democracy in the case of the former and an authoritarian system in the latter case. A comparative analysis of freedom indices indicates some dangers related to de-consolidation of the democratic system in Poland. Furthermore, the study points out dangers arising from the transformation of soft populism, understood as communication rhetoric oriented towards the concentration of power in the hands of populist leaders, which clearly paves the way for the dismantling of consolidated democracy in favour of an authoritarian system. The conclusions of the study outlines a variety of actions which can be undertaken to protect the achievements of liberal democracy

Text-Based Emotion Recognition in English and Polish for Therapeutic Chatbot

In this article, we present the results of our experiments on sentiment and emotion recognition for English and Polish texts, aiming to work in the context of a therapeutic chatbot. We created a dedicated dataset by adding samples of neutral texts to an existing English-language emotion-labeled corpus. Next, using neural machine translation, we developed a Polish version of the English database. A bilingual, parallel corpus created in this way, named CORTEX (CORpus of Translated Emotional teXts), labeled with three sentiment polarity classes and nine emotion classes, was used for experiments on classification. We employed various classifiers: Naïve Bayes, Support Vector Machines, fastText, and BERT. The results obtained were satisfactory: we achieved the best scores for the BERT-based models, which yielded accuracy of over 90% for sentiment (3-class) classification and almost 80% for emotion (9-class) classification. We compared the results for both languages and discussed the differences. Both the accuracy and the F1-scores for Polish turned out to be slightly inferior to those for English, with the highest difference visible for BERT